University of GuilanWorld Politics2383-01234420160220America's Approach to the Palestinian-Israeli Conflict (2015-2001)America's Approach to the Palestinian-Israeli Conflict (2015-2001)3871572FARezaSimbarEhsanEjaziJournal Article20160310This article will study impact of U.S. foreign policy on Israel _ Palestine conflict in recent decade. The main question of this article is that what are the effects of U.S foreign policy in Bush and Obama presidency on this conflict? Regarding six main problems of this conflict including security, territorial and border disputes, Palestinians refugees, settlement, water and Jerusalem, U.S. foreign policy towards peace negotiations, economic and military aids, Jews lobby in Congress, security, settlements and Palestinian refugees will be assessed. The main conclusion to be drawn from this paper is that U.S. foreign policy towards Israel_ Palestine conflicts neither provokes nor resolves it, but stabilizes the condition.This article will study impact of U.S. foreign policy on Israel _ Palestine conflict in recent decade. The main question of this article is that what are the effects of U.S foreign policy in Bush and Obama presidency on this conflict? Regarding six main problems of this conflict including security, territorial and border disputes, Palestinians refugees, settlement, water and Jerusalem, U.S. foreign policy towards peace negotiations, economic and military aids, Jews lobby in Congress, security, settlements and Palestinian refugees will be assessed. The main conclusion to be drawn from this paper is that U.S. foreign policy towards Israel_ Palestine conflicts neither provokes nor resolves it, but stabilizes the condition.https://interpolitics.guilan.ac.ir/article_1572_71217e01691c0159dd9d2b949dd85815.pdfUniversity of GuilanWorld Politics2383-01234420160220Partition Maritime Borders in the Persian Gulf with an Emphasis on Joint Oil and Gas FieldsPartition Maritime Borders in the Persian Gulf with an Emphasis on Joint Oil and Gas Fields71391573FAAsgharJafari ValdaniJournal Article20160310The importance of the Persian Gulf because of its oil and gas reserves. Exploitation of shared oil and gas fields, requires a partition of maritime borders. In this regard, Iran's maritime borders with Saudi Arabia, Bahrain, Qatar, Oman and United Arabic Emirates (Dubai) partition and the share of each joint action has been identified. The maritime border with Iraq and Kuwait due to the geopolitical features not partition and exploit the shared fields has stagnated. Geopolitical problems that cause this problem and doctrine and patterns that can help solve these problems, in this paper is studied. Due to space born in Iran-Iraq relations, it is essential that these boundaries Afrazgrdd be provided to enable the operation of the joint actionThe importance of the Persian Gulf because of its oil and gas reserves. Exploitation of shared oil and gas fields, requires a partition of maritime borders. In this regard, Iran's maritime borders with Saudi Arabia, Bahrain, Qatar, Oman and United Arabic Emirates (Dubai) partition and the share of each joint action has been identified. The maritime border with Iraq and Kuwait due to the geopolitical features not partition and exploit the shared fields has stagnated. Geopolitical problems that cause this problem and doctrine and patterns that can help solve these problems, in this paper is studied. Due to space born in Iran-Iraq relations, it is essential that these boundaries Afrazgrdd be provided to enable the operation of the joint actionhttps://interpolitics.guilan.ac.ir/article_1573_91a3402b9dc54468530d3bbacefb7de2.pdfUniversity of GuilanWorld Politics2383-01234420160220The Transition from Metropolis to World City Environmental Requirements Cosmopolitan and Good GovernanceThe Transition from Metropolis to World City Environmental Requirements Cosmopolitan and Good Governance101731574FAMohamad TaghiGhezelsoflaMortezaGhorchiSabaMoash SaniJournal Article20160310With regard to the emergence of lived cosmopolitan atmosphere, the era of globalization means the transition from the macro to the new face of the city mentioned as "world cities". So the question is, what identity will future cities in the age of increasing globalization. However, globalization does not mean Americanization or westernization but that is changes are happening in the spaces and networks based on world cities. Accordingly, basic question is what are the Fields and Features in the transition to the era of global cities? In response, the article discussed how relational thinking approach to temporal and spatial issues has led global cities as centers of wealth and power in contemporary globalization. Cities like New York, London, Tokyo and Frankfurt are among the phenomena that are defined by various indicators. So while discussing aspects of this transition, the major component of global cities is studied. This article has used the theory of relational thinking in geopolitics and descriptive and analytical methods with a library of documents and some figures as proof.With regard to the emergence of lived cosmopolitan atmosphere, the era of globalization means the transition from the macro to the new face of the city mentioned as "world cities". So the question is, what identity will future cities in the age of increasing globalization. However, globalization does not mean Americanization or westernization but that is changes are happening in the spaces and networks based on world cities. Accordingly, basic question is what are the Fields and Features in the transition to the era of global cities? In response, the article discussed how relational thinking approach to temporal and spatial issues has led global cities as centers of wealth and power in contemporary globalization. Cities like New York, London, Tokyo and Frankfurt are among the phenomena that are defined by various indicators. So while discussing aspects of this transition, the major component of global cities is studied. This article has used the theory of relational thinking in geopolitics and descriptive and analytical methods with a library of documents and some figures as proof.https://interpolitics.guilan.ac.ir/article_1574_18ddd6743938b297ffac20609e65de27.pdfUniversity of GuilanWorld Politics2383-01234420160220The Examination of the Reasons behind the Rise of Takfiri Groups in the Middle East (2011—2015)The Examination of the Reasons behind the Rise of Takfiri Groups in the Middle East (2011—2015)1281031575FAAmirNiakooeeJournal Article20160310The Arab revolts in the Middle East since 2011 encouraged many scholars to speak about the end of authoritarianism and formation of a new wave of democratization in the region. However, these optimisms were not realized and Islamist moderates and other democrat groups were marginalized in the aftermath of the developments and many takfiri and jihadist groups expanded their influence and have become dominant actors in some countries. It is noteworthy that takfiri groups such as Islamic state of Iraq and the Levant or Al Nusra- front have controlled many territories of Iraq and Syria by 2015. The present paper is to focus primarily on the reasons behind the rise of jihadists in Iraq and Syria. The main question is as follows: which factors have caused and facilitates the rise of Takfiri groups in Iraq and Syria since 2011. The findings of the paper illustrate that sectarianism and democracy crisis in the national level, regional competitions and the support of some powerful countries in the regional level and finally the relative inaction of great powers especially the United States have facilitated the expansion of jihadists in Iraq and Syria. However, the rise of Takfiris expands the insecurity and crisis in the region and may inspire the intervention of great powers.The Arab revolts in the Middle East since 2011 encouraged many scholars to speak about the end of authoritarianism and formation of a new wave of democratization in the region. However, these optimisms were not realized and Islamist moderates and other democrat groups were marginalized in the aftermath of the developments and many takfiri and jihadist groups expanded their influence and have become dominant actors in some countries. It is noteworthy that takfiri groups such as Islamic state of Iraq and the Levant or Al Nusra- front have controlled many territories of Iraq and Syria by 2015. The present paper is to focus primarily on the reasons behind the rise of jihadists in Iraq and Syria. The main question is as follows: which factors have caused and facilitates the rise of Takfiri groups in Iraq and Syria since 2011. The findings of the paper illustrate that sectarianism and democracy crisis in the national level, regional competitions and the support of some powerful countries in the regional level and finally the relative inaction of great powers especially the United States have facilitated the expansion of jihadists in Iraq and Syria. However, the rise of Takfiris expands the insecurity and crisis in the region and may inspire the intervention of great powers.https://interpolitics.guilan.ac.ir/article_1575_f4a2b7762accdab93ebdb60e2fe4ca88.pdfUniversity of GuilanWorld Politics2383-01234420160220Soft Power and Position of China in Global PoliticsSoft Power and Position of China in Global Politics1641291576FAAliakbarJafariDianJanbazJournal Article20160310In 21 Century we see the New Versions of Power that Governments use them for Promotion and Gradation of Their Global, Regional and even Internal (domestic) Positions. In Other Word (Namely), Globalization and Technological Developments of New Era, Change the Hierarchy Orders and Configure to New Identities, in addition to, Effects on Power, Preferences and States and Persons Interests and, at the Result of, International Security. One of the Versions of this Changes is Emersion of New Dimension of Power as a Soft Power in Process of States Power that Emphasis at Causal ideas Affect and Influence on "Mentality and Hearts". In this Respect, China to have Use for this Schema of Foreign Policy Power and, At the Result of, Change the Their Positions in Global System, Increasingly. So, The Assumption of this Paper that Dimensions of Soft Power have a Noticeable Function on Promotion of the CountryIn 21 Century we see the New Versions of Power that Governments use them for Promotion and Gradation of Their Global, Regional and even Internal (domestic) Positions. In Other Word (Namely), Globalization and Technological Developments of New Era, Change the Hierarchy Orders and Configure to New Identities, in addition to, Effects on Power, Preferences and States and Persons Interests and, at the Result of, International Security. One of the Versions of this Changes is Emersion of New Dimension of Power as a Soft Power in Process of States Power that Emphasis at Causal ideas Affect and Influence on "Mentality and Hearts". In this Respect, China to have Use for this Schema of Foreign Policy Power and, At the Result of, Change the Their Positions in Global System, Increasingly. So, The Assumption of this Paper that Dimensions of Soft Power have a Noticeable Function on Promotion of the Countryhttps://interpolitics.guilan.ac.ir/article_1576_f62e382488c37fabe1cca0839e73adbf.pdfUniversity of GuilanWorld Politics2383-01234420160220Iranian Perspective to Understand the Obstacles and Failure in Relations between Tehran - BakuIranian Perspective to Understand the Obstacles and Failure in Relations between Tehran - Baku2021651577FASaeidVoshoghiMasoudRezaeiJournal Article20160310Azerbaijan’s relations with the Islamic Republic of Iran have been shaped by its status as a Shia state under an actively secular government. In this regard, religion, ethnicity and geography have does more to hinder than help ties between Azerbaijan and Iran. While Azerbaijan is majority Shia - aside from Iraq, the only state neighboring Iran to not be predominantly Sunni - its secular leadership views the Iranian doctrine of guardianship of the jurist as a danger to the regime’s survival. Baku emphasizes Azeri nationalism over Islamic solidarity and has sought to remove religion from the public sphere; it regularly charges Tehran with backing preachers and religious extremists in Azerbaijan, claiming Tehran aims to overthrow the Aliyev regime. Iran, in turn, sees this ethnic focus as an attempt to foment secession among Iran’s ethnic minorities in the border region between the two states, and views Azerbaijan as aggressive in bringing in outside powers and claiming mineral rights in the CaspianAzerbaijan’s relations with the Islamic Republic of Iran have been shaped by its status as a Shia state under an actively secular government. In this regard, religion, ethnicity and geography have does more to hinder than help ties between Azerbaijan and Iran. While Azerbaijan is majority Shia - aside from Iraq, the only state neighboring Iran to not be predominantly Sunni - its secular leadership views the Iranian doctrine of guardianship of the jurist as a danger to the regime’s survival. Baku emphasizes Azeri nationalism over Islamic solidarity and has sought to remove religion from the public sphere; it regularly charges Tehran with backing preachers and religious extremists in Azerbaijan, claiming Tehran aims to overthrow the Aliyev regime. Iran, in turn, sees this ethnic focus as an attempt to foment secession among Iran’s ethnic minorities in the border region between the two states, and views Azerbaijan as aggressive in bringing in outside powers and claiming mineral rights in the Caspianhttps://interpolitics.guilan.ac.ir/article_1577_3ba2f139416d9a640942d625307f5ba8.pdfUniversity of GuilanWorld Politics2383-01234420160220The Decline of America's Soft Power, Measures and ComponentsThe Decline of America's Soft Power, Measures and Components2402031578FAAliAdamiMahdyehGhorashiJournal Article20160310America with a population of over 300 million people, GDP and per capita income 200/47 66/14 trillion dollars, the largest and most powerful advanced economy in the world, but in the last few years and due to the unstable economic situation In the face of the world, followed by America with the deficit and external debt, as well as the emergence of protests in the country to unequal economic conditions prevailing in America, the country's foreign policy during the wars in Iraq and Afghanistan and a reason America's intervention in crises Middle East led to some theorists, America's power is challenged in the application and explained the grounds for its decline. Convincing governments and peoples of the world, but internal and external policies incompatible with the values and cultural preferences of its claims, the power Aqnaknndgy decline has brought it. The authors using analytical methods and statistics are seeking to investigate the hypothesis.America with a population of over 300 million people, GDP and per capita income 200/47 66/14 trillion dollars, the largest and most powerful advanced economy in the world, but in the last few years and due to the unstable economic situation In the face of the world, followed by America with the deficit and external debt, as well as the emergence of protests in the country to unequal economic conditions prevailing in America, the country's foreign policy during the wars in Iraq and Afghanistan and a reason America's intervention in crises Middle East led to some theorists, America's power is challenged in the application and explained the grounds for its decline. Convincing governments and peoples of the world, but internal and external policies incompatible with the values and cultural preferences of its claims, the power Aqnaknndgy decline has brought it. The authors using analytical methods and statistics are seeking to investigate the hypothesis.https://interpolitics.guilan.ac.ir/article_1578_fc5674bbdb24ffd32da19a952142b436.pdfUniversity of GuilanWorld Politics2383-01234420160220The Possibility of the Formation of Kurdish Region in the North of SyriaThe Possibility of the Formation of Kurdish Region in the North of Syria2212531579FAEskandarMoradiAssistant Professor, Department of Political Geography, Payam Noor University, Tehran, Iran.ZiaoldinSaboriShilanKhakiAbdolmotalebJavanmardiJournal Article20160310Middle East which was formed according to the Sykes-Picot treaty in 1916 enters to the third millennium in conditions that it has still remained like undeveloped and unsafe island in the world. In the meantime, Kurds as the largest stateless nation of the world have always influenced on these crises and have been influenced from them. Occurrence of Arabian spring has caused new conditions which have entered Kurds in new period of political and economic life. These new conditions have increased the necessity of doing independent and scientific researches about Kurds position in new geopolitics of Middle East. In this research which has been written by using of descriptive-analytic method and the method of collecting its data is in library form by using of constructivism we seek to prove this hypothesis that despite of formation of triple canton (Island, Afrin and Kobane) and with regard to the internal and external structural obstacles and effective role of regional and trans-regional actors, formation of Kurdish region in Syria at current situation is ambiguous but however retuning to the situation before 2010 ad is also impossibleMiddle East which was formed according to the Sykes-Picot treaty in 1916 enters to the third millennium in conditions that it has still remained like undeveloped and unsafe island in the world. In the meantime, Kurds as the largest stateless nation of the world have always influenced on these crises and have been influenced from them. Occurrence of Arabian spring has caused new conditions which have entered Kurds in new period of political and economic life. These new conditions have increased the necessity of doing independent and scientific researches about Kurds position in new geopolitics of Middle East. In this research which has been written by using of descriptive-analytic method and the method of collecting its data is in library form by using of constructivism we seek to prove this hypothesis that despite of formation of triple canton (Island, Afrin and Kobane) and with regard to the internal and external structural obstacles and effective role of regional and trans-regional actors, formation of Kurdish region in Syria at current situation is ambiguous but however retuning to the situation before 2010 ad is also impossiblehttps://interpolitics.guilan.ac.ir/article_1579_ef21518ba08d243485bd1468d8185f0a.pdf