تحلیل مقایسه‌ای دارالارقم مالزی و بوکوحرام نیجریه؛ کنش سنت دینی علیه مدرنیته غربی

نوع مقاله : مقاله پژوهشی

نویسندگان

1 استادیار علوم سیاسی، دانشکده حقوق، علوم سیاسی و تاریخ دانشگاه یزد، یزد، ایران

2 دکتری روابط بین الملل، مدرس گروه علوم سیاسی دانشگاه شهید باهنر کرمان، کرمان، ایران

چکیده

در جهان اسلام معاصر، جنبش‌های متعددی سربرآورده‌اند. این جنبش‌ها در میان دوگانه‌ی سنت اسلامی خود و مدرنیته‌ی غرب راهی برای نقش‌آفرینی در سیاست پیدا کرده‌اند. برخی‌ها سعی در شبیه‌سازی خود با غرب داشته‌اند. برخی به طرد غرب پرداخته‌اند و برخی سعی در ترکیب سنت اسلامی و مدرنیته‌ی غربی داشته‌اند. در این میان جنبش‌هایی که به طرد غرب پرداخته‌اند، سروصدایی بسیاری ایجاد کرده‌اند، اما به همان میزان در دستیابی به قدرت ناکام مانده‌اند. این پژوهش با هدف شناسایی ماهیت جنبش‌های سیاسی در اسلام معاصر به تحلیل مقایسه‌ای دو جریان ضدغربی در شرق و غرب جهان اسلام پرداخته است و با روش مقایسه‌ای اختلاف توافق پرزورسکی و تیون به دنبال پاسخ به سوال محوری اشتراکات و اختلافات جنبش دارالرقم مالزی و بوکوحرام نیجریه است. پژوهش حاضر پس از بررسی چیستی، چرایی شکل گیری، چگونگی عملکرد و سرنوشت این دو جریان به این نتیجه رسید هر دو جنبش با تفسیری سنت‌گرایانه به طرد غرب پرداخته‌اند، ولی در روش عملکردی، تفسیر از اسلام و اثرپذیری از محیط جغرافیایی با هم اختلاف دارند.

کلیدواژه‌ها


عنوان مقاله [English]

Comparative Analysis of Dar al-Arqam in Malaysia and Boko Haram in Nigeria: Traditional Religious Actions Against Western Modernity

نویسندگان [English]

  • Mohammad Kamali gooki 1
  • Mohammadjavad Soltani gishini, 2
1 Assistant Professor, Law, Political Sciences and History Department - Political Sciences. university yazd. yazd. iran.
2 PhD in IR, lecturer at shahid bahonar universityو Faculty of law and theology, department of political science. kerman. iran
چکیده [English]

In the contemporary Islamic world, numerous movements have arisen. These movements have navigated the dichotomy between their own Islamic traditions and Western modernity to find a role in the political arena. Some have endeavored to emulate the West. Some have chosen to reject Western influences, while others have sought to integrate Islamic traditions with Western modernity. Meanwhile, the movements that have pursued the rejection of the West have generated substantial noise, yet they have similarly failed in attaining power. This study aims to identify the nature of political movements within contemporary Islam through a comparative analysis of two anti-Western sentiment in the Eastern and Western Islamic world. Employing Przeworski and Teune’s comparative method of different systems design, it seeks to address the central question of the commonalities and differences between the Dar al-Arqam movement in Malaysia and Boko Haram Nigeria. examining the essence, motivations for formation, operational methods, and eventual fates of these two movements, this study concludes that both have rejected Western influences through a traditionalist interpretation. Nonetheless, their operational approaches, interpretations of Islam, and geographical influences differ significantly.

کلیدواژه‌ها [English]

  • Dar al-Raqam
  • Boko Haram
  • tradition
  • modernity
Adesoji,Abimbola (2010), “The Boko Haram Uprising‌ and‌ Islamic Revivalism in Nigeria”, Africa Spectrum, Vol 45, No 2, p: 95-108.
Akanji, Olajide (2009)The Politics of Combating Domestic Terrorism in‌ Nigeria‌, Pretoria‌: Institute for Security Studies Press.
Al Jazeera Centre for Studies‌ (2012‌), “Reports‌: Boko Haram: Nigeria’s Extremist Islamic”, Sect:www.studies.aljazeera.net 29 February‌ 2012‌.
Alkali‌, Lire Muhammad Nur, (2012) “Monguno, Abubakar Kawu, Mustafa, Ballama Shettima”, Overview of Islamic Actors‌ in‌ Northeastern‌ Nigeria, Nigeria Research Network, Oxford Department of International Development.
An-Naim, Abdullahi A., (1999) "the Cultural‌ Mediation‌ of Human Rights: the Al Arqam Case in Malaysia", in the East Asian‌ Challenge‌ for Human Rights, Ed. By‌ Joanne‌ R. Bauer‌ and Daniel A. Bell‌, New‌ York, Cambridge University Press‌.
Abdul Hamid, (2007) the Futuristic Thought of Ustaz Ashaari Muhammad of Malaysia. he Blackwell Companion to Contemporary Islamic
Anyadike, Nkechi O (2013), “Boko Haram‌ and‌ National Security Challenges in Nigeria”, Causes and Solutions, Journal of Economics and Sustainable‌ Development‌, Volume‌ 4, No 5, p: 12-24.
Barton, Greg, (2002) "Islam, Society, Politics and Change in Malaysia", in Islam in Asia‌: Changing‌ Political Realities, Ed. By Jason F. Isaacson‌ and‌ Colin Rubenstein‌, Transaction‌ Publishers‌, New Jersey.
Bathaee, Seyyed Ali (2014), "Boko Haram: The Bitter Taste of Takfiri Islam with a Mix of Irrationality and Violence," Takfir Review, Vol. 2, World Congress of Extremist and Takfiri [In Persian]
Bernama. Retrieved Oct. 10, 2011, from http://www. bernama.com/bernama/v5/newsgeneral. php?id =498339; In- Won Hwang, Personalized politics: the Malaysian state under Mahathir, Singapore 2003.
Gambo, Yusuf and Omirin, m (2012), “Ethno Religious‌ Conflict‌ and‌ Settlement Pattern in Northern Nigeria”, Mediterranean Journal‌ of‌ Social Sciences, Vol 3, No 3, p: 129-136.
Hassan, Saliha, (2003) "Islamic Non-Governmental Organization: Ideals and Realities", in Social Movements in Malaysia: from Moral Communities to NGO’s, Ed. By Meredith L. Weiss and‌ Saliha‌ Hassan,Routledge Curzon, London.
Kamarulnizam, Abdullah, (2003) the Politics of‌ Islam‌ in‌ Contemporary Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur, Penerbit Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia.
Loh Kok Wah, Francis, (2002)"Developmentalism and the‌ Limits‌ of‌ Democratic Discourse", in Democracy in Malaysia: Discourse and Practices, Ed. By Francis Loh Kok Wah and Khoo Boo‌ Teik, Richmond, Curzon.
Loimeier, Roman, (2012) ‘Boko Haram: The Development of a Militant Religious Movement in Nigeria’, Africa Spectrum, Vol. 47, No. 2-3.
Lopez‌ C., Carolina, (2007) "Globalisation, State and G/Local Human Rights Actors Contestations between Institutions and Civil Society‌", in‌ Politics‌ in Malaysia: the Malay Dimension, Ed. By Edmund Terence Gomez, London, Routledge.
Manouchehri, Abbas (2011)Approach and Method in Political Science, Tehran, Samt. [In Persian]
Marsh, David and Stoker, Gerry (2006)Theory and Methods in Political Science, translated by Amir Mohammad Haji Yousefi, Tehran, Strategic Studies Research Institute. [In Persian]
Mazrui, Ali‌ (2012‌), “Nigeria: From Shari ’a Movement to BokoHaram”, Global Experts Team, United Nations‌ Alliance‌ of Civilizations: www.binghamton.edu.
Milne and Mauzy, (1986) Malaysian: tradition, modernity, and Islam, Westview‌ Press‌, London.
Masoudnia, H., & Saldoragar, E. (2013). A Study of the Commonalities and Differences between Liberation Theology and Political Islam. Global Politics, 1(2), 173-195. [In Persian]
Mohammadi, Naeema; Hazeri, Ali Mohammad (2012), "Terrorism as a New Social Movement in Confrontation with Democracy," Political Science Research Journal, Vol. 7, No. 2: pp. 175-203. [In Persian]
Musa, Mohd‌ Faizal‌, (2011) "Exploration‌ on Islamic Literature Policy in Malaysia", World‌ Journal‌ of Islamic History and Civilization, Vol. 1, No 4.
Nasr, Seyyed Vali‌ Reza‌, (2001) Islamic‌ leviathan: Islam and the Making State Power, Oxford, Oxford University Press.
Okpaga‌, Adagba & Ugwu Sam Chijioke‌ &Okechukwu‌ Innocent (2012),“Activities of Boko‌ Haram‌ and Insecurity Question in Nigeria”,Arabian Journal of Business and Management Review (OMAN‌Chapter‌), Vol 1, No 9, p: 77-99.
Onuoha‌, Freedom‌ (2011‌), “Countering the Financing‌ of‌ Boko Haram Extremism in‌ Nigeria‌”, African Centre for the Study and Research on Terrorism, Vol 2, No 1, pp: 89-121‌.
Othman, Norani, (2005)"Islamization and democratization in Malaysia in regional and global contexts", in Challenging Authoritarianism‌ in‌ Southeast Asia: Comparing Indonesia and Malaysia, Ed. By Ariel Heryanto and Sumit‌ K. Mandal‌, London‌, Routledge.
Pothuraju‌, Babjee (2012), “Boko Haram's Persistent Threat‌ in‌ Nigeria‌”,Institute‌ for‌ Defense Studies and‌ Analyses‌, New elhi,India:www.isn.ethz.ch.
Robinson, Kathryn, (2009)Gender, Islam and Democracy in Indonesia,London, Routledge.
Saliha Hassan, (2003) "Islamic non-governmental organisations", in Social movements in Malaysia: from moral communities to NGOs, ed. Meredith L. Weiss and Saliha Hassan, London: Routledge Curzon.
Saroukhani, Baqer (1998), Research Methods in Social Sciences, Vol. 2, Tehran, Institute for Humanities and Cultural Studies. [In Persian]
Shakiba, Mohammad Reza (2006), "Position and Influence of Christianity in Africa," African Studies, Vol. 12, No. 13: pp. 39-76. [In Persian]