چالش‌های دولت سازی در عراق پسا داعش

نوع مقاله : مقاله پژوهشی

نویسندگان

1 گروه علوم سیاسی، واحد تهران جنوب، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی، تهران، ایران

2 گروه علوم سیاسی، واحد رشت، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی، رشت، ایران

چکیده

این مقاله به تبیین چالش‌های جدید پیش‌روی دولت‌سازی در عراق پس از 2015، با تکیه بر نظریات فرانسیس فوکویاما، یکی از نظریه‌پردازان معاصر در حوزه دولت‌سازی، پرداخته است. سوال اصلی پژوهش این است که مهم‌ترین چالش‌هایی که در روند دولت‌سازی در عراق بین سال‌های 2015 تا 2022 وجود دارند، کدامند؟. فرضیه‌ای که در این راستا مطرح می‌شود، بیانگر آن است که، تداوم یک دولت با دامنه گسترده و اثر بخشی ضعیف، عدم سازمان‌دهی جامعه و نقش غیر حمایتی بازیگران خارجی مهم‌ترین موانع روند دولت‌سازی در عراق پساداعش از سال 2015 تا 2022 به شمار می‌روند. این پژوهش به شیوه توصیفی-تحلیلی و با استفاده از منابع کتابخانه‌ای و اینترنتی به انجام رسیده است. یافته‌ها نشان می‌دهد که ریشه یک دولت قدرت‌مند و اثر بخش در فقدان فساد، شفافیت کافی، نهادهای کارامد و مستقل، اعتماد دو جانبه میان ملت و دولت و عدم مداخله خارجی نهفته است که حلقه مفقوده در نظم پسا داعش در عراق محسوب می‌شود.

کلیدواژه‌ها

عنوان مقاله [English]

State-Building Challenges in in Post-ISIS Iraq

نویسندگان [English]

  • Seyyed Ruhallah Alamdari 1
  • Majid Rouhi 2
  • Zohreh Poustinchi 1
1 Department of Political science, ST.C. Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
2 Department of Political Science, Rasht Branch, Islamic Azad University, Rasht, Iran
چکیده [English]

This article examines the new challenges confronting state-building in Iraq in the post-2015 period, drawing on the theories of Francis Fukuyama, a contemporary theorist in the field of state-building. The main question posed by this study is: what were the most important challenges encountered in the process of state-building in Iraq between 2015 and 2022? The hypothesis proposed in this regard asserts that the persistence of a centralized, broad-scope state with weak efficacy, the disorganization of society, and the non-supportive role of external actors constitute the principal obstacles to post-ISIS state-building in Iraq from 2015 to 2022. The study employs a descriptive-analytic approach and relies on bibliographic and online sources. The findings indicate that the emergence of a powerful and effective state hinges on the absence of corruption, adequate transparency, efficient and independent institutions, mutual trust between the nation and the state, and non-intervention by foreign actors—elements

کلیدواژه‌ها [English]

  • State-Building
  • Iraq
  • Fukuyama
  • Institutional Inefficiency

مراجع

Abu Dalhoum, M. (2022). Iraq’s necessary evil may see it move beyond sectarianism. Arab News. At: https://www.arabnews.com/node/2139421
Al-Ali, Z. (2023). Ethno-sectarian power-sharing and Iraq’s constitutional development. Chatham House. At: https://www.chathamhouse.org/2023/03/iraq-20-years-insider-reflections-war-and-its-aftermath/flawed-design-ethno-sectarian-power.
Alkhudary, T. (2020). How Iraq’s sectarian system came to be and how it will be undone. Aljazeera. At: https://www.aljazeera.com/opinions/2020/3/29/how-iraqs-sectarian-system-came-to-be.
Alshamary, M. (2022). Postwar development of civil society in Iraq’s mideuohrates region, Foreign policy at Brookings,https://www.brookings.edu/wp-content/uploads/2022/01/FP_20220103_iraq_civil_society_alshamary.pdf
Alhassan, N. (2021). Once again, Iraq is at a crossroads. [Online] Available at: https://www.mei.edu/publications/once-again-iraq-crossroads.
Al-Aloosy, M. (2023). The Arab gulf states Institute in Washington, Available at: https://agsiw.org/the-iraqi-judiciary-undermined-by-violentintimidation- corruption-and-politicization
Bridsall, N. & Subramanian, A.( 2004). Saving Iraq from its oil, Foreign Affairs, 83(4), pp. 77-89.
Bertelsmann Transformations Index (BTI). (2020). Iraq country report. At: https://bti-project.org/fileadmin/api/content/en/downloads/reports/country_report_2020_IRQ.pdf
Boot, M. (2022). How inter-shia strife is threatening Iraqi security. Council on Foreign Relations, At: https://www.cfr.org/in-brief/how-inter-shia-strife-threatening-iraqi-security.
Cambanis, T. (2023). Iraq’s sectarian relapse: lessons of the “shia house,” The Century Foundation,  . At: https://tcf.org/content/report/iraqs-sectarian-relapse-lessons-of-the-shia-house/.
Carnegie Middle East Center. (2022). The hollow state: Iraq between domestic crisis and regional rivalries. https://carnegie-mec.org/2022/04/12/hollow-state-iraq-between-domestic-crisis-and-regional-rivalries-pub-86834
Central Bank of Iraq (2023). Central bank of Iraq. [Online] Available at: https://cbi.iq/static/uploads/up/file-149811372279797.pdf
Clausen, M.L. (2019). Breaking the cycle: Iraq following the military defeat of islamic state. URL: h ttps://www.econstor.eu/bitstream/ 10419/197628/1/1662976135.pdf (accessed on 5.11.2020).
Cordesman, A. H. (2023). Iraq as a faild state, https://csis-website-prod.s3.amazonaws.com/s3fs-public/publication/191118_Iraq_Failed_state_report.pdf
Dawisha, A., & Dawisha, K. (2003). How to build a democratic Iraq. Foreign Affairs, 82 (3): 36–50.
Dhingra, R. & Alshamary, M., (2023). Corruption is the forgotten legacy of the Iraq invansion, Brookings Institute, Available at: https://www.brookings.edu/articles/corruption-is-the-forgotten-legacy-of-the-iraq-invasion/
Dodge, T., Kaya, Z., Luchtenberg, K., Mathieu-Comtois, S., Saleh, B., van den Toorn, C., Turpin- King, A., and Watkins, J. (2018). Iraq synthesis paper: understanding the drivers of conflict in Iraq. LSE   Middle East Centre Report. http://eprints.lse.ac.uk/90514/1/Iraq synthesis paper  understanding the drivers_2018. Pp 11-12.pdf
Eltiyaminia, R., Bagheri Dolatabadi, A. (2020).The role of political-cultural structure on the reproduction of violence in Iraq after (2003-2020), World Politics, 9(1), 152-188, Doi.10.22124/wp.2020.14268.2276 (in Persian)
Eriksson, J. & Grief, I., )2023(. The Iraqi state's legitimacy deficit: Input, output andidentity-based legitimacy challenges. Available at: https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/1758-5899.13208
Forat , M. R.; Zargar, A.; Siddigh, M.; Tayefeh, S. .(2021). Democratization and the challenges of state-nation in Iraq after 2003, Security Horizon, 52(14), 133-158 (in Persian)
Fukuyama, F. (2015). the role of politics in development, Available from: https://cde.org.za/wp-content/uploads/2018/08/The-role-of-politics-in-development-CDE-Report.pdf.
Fukuyama, F. ( 2007). Development and limits of institutional design. In: N. D. a. V. Popov, ed. Political institutions and development. Cheltenham: Edward Elgar, pp. 21-42.
Fukuyama, F. (2004). State-building: governance and world order in 21st century, New York: Cornell University Press.
Fukuyama, F.  (2006).  Development and limits of institutional design. (pdf). Russia: global development network, st. petersburg. Available from: > www.gdnet.org/pdf2/gdn_library/annual_conferences/seventh_annual_conference/Fukuyama_plenary1.pdf
Garzarelli, G. & Thomassen, B. (2006). Is state building the road to world order?, Prometheus. 24(2), pp. 312-322, DOI:10.1080/08109020600774302
Hannah J. (2019) “Iran-backed militias are in Iraq to stay”, Foreign Policy, htt ps://foreignpolicy.com/2019/07/31/iran-backed-militiasare-in-iraq-to-stay/ (accessed on 5.11.202
Hassan, H. (2020) “How Iraq’s top ISIS scholar became a target for shiite militias”, Newlines, 4.10. URL: https://newlinesmag.com/essays/ the-man-who-knew-too-much-why-shiite-militias-killed-iraqs-finest-isisscholar/(accessed on 5.11.2020)
Hayaly, A. G. K. J. A.-. (2021). Industrial development strategy until 2030. Journal of Economics and Administrative Sciences, 28(131), pp. 150-166.
International Crisis Group. (2020). Iraq’s political paralysis: the role of regional powers. Middle East Report, No. 209. https://www.crisisgroup.org/middle-east-north-africa/gulf-and-arabian-peninsula/iraq/209-iraqs-political-paralysis-role-regional-powers
Iraqi Economists Network, (2023). Iraqi economists network. Available at: http://iraqieconomists.net/en/2023/02/12/the-devaluation-of-iraqidinar- political-and-economic-implications/
Iraqi Thoughts. (2018). 1001 Iraqi Thoughts. Available at: https://1001iraqithoughts.com/2018/02/09/elections-and-old-faceshow- often-do-iraqs-political-elite-change/.
Ismael, T. Y., & Ismael, J. S. (2010). The sectarian state in Iraq and the new political class. International Journal of Contemporary Iraqi Studies, 4 (3): 339–356.
Isakhan, B. (2023). Iraq war, 20 years on: how the world failed Iraq and created a less peaceful, democratic and prosperous state. The Conversation. At: https://theconversation.com/iraq-war-20-years-on-how-the-world-failed-iraq-and-created-a-less-peaceful-democratic-and-prosperous-state-200075
Jabar, Faleh A. (2018). The Iraqi protest movement: From identity politics to issue politics. LSE Middle East Centre Paper Series, At: https://eprints.lse.ac.uk/88294.
Judicial System in Iraq, (2023). The judicial system in Iraq. Available at: https://www.sjc.iq/Judicial-system-en.php.
Maaia, J, C. )2009.( Benefits of strong state government ]online[. Available from: https://www.berkshireeagle.
Mahdi, K., Al Ukabi, H. and  Al Fayhan, H. (2014). Iraq private sector development center (PSDC). Available at: http://www.publicprivatedialogue.org/workshop%202014/Public%20Private%20Dia logue%20in%20Iraq.pdf
Making the Forest Sector Transparent (2023). Making the forest sector transparent. [Online] Available at: http://www.foresttransparency.info/background/foresttransparency/ 32/transparency-and-the-right-to-information/
Mansour, R. (2017). Iraq after the fall of ISIS: the struggle for the state. Chatham House, https://www.chathamhouse.org/sites/default/files/publications/research/2017-07-04-iraq-after-isis-mansour-final.pdf
Mansour, R. & Stewart-Jolley, V. (2021). Explaining Iraq's election results. Chatham House. At: https://www.chathamhouse.org/2021/10/explaining-iraqs-election-results.
Marivan, J. M.; Rouhi, E.; Farkish, H. (2024). Fighting against administrative corruption in the Kurdistan region of Iraq from the perspective of good governance, World Politics, 12(3), 247-274, 10.22124/wp.2024.27842.3362 (in Persian)
Mojed Mashhadi, K.H.; Esmaili Ghanharani, B.;Fawzi, H.; Al-Ghazi, S.; Aqarebparast, M.R.  .(2024),The prospects of Iraq’s nuclear energy development under the International Regime for the non-proliferation of nuclear weapons, World Politics,13(4) (in Persian)
Mottaghi, E.; Salem Alghabban, M. (2017). Democratic governance and coherent nationalization in modern Iraq (2003- 2015), Security Horizon, 10(34),101-138 (in Persian)
NDI (2019). Iraq post-daesh: improves social cohesion but Iraqis remain dissatisfied with government. National survey findings. At: https://www.ndi.org/sites/default/files/NDI%20Poll%20%20July%202019%20%28English%29.pdf
Norwegian Refugee Council (2022). Norwegian refugee council. [Online] Available at: https://www.nrc.no/resources/reports/gaps-in-formal-education-iniraq/ (Accessed 3 6 2023).
O’Driscoll, D. (2017) Autonomy impaired: centralisation, authoritarianism and the failing Iraqi State. Ethnopolitics. 16 (4). p. 315–332.
Park, B., Jongerden, J. P., Owtram, F. and Yoshioka, A. (2017) Field notes: on the independence referendum in the kurdistan region of Iraq and disputed territories in 2017. Kurdish Studies. 5 (2). p. 199–214
Perito, R. M., (2003). Establishing the rule of law in Iraq, https://www.jstor.org/stable/resrep12462?seq=1.
Pimentel,D. (2013). Judicial independence in postconflict Iraq: establishing the rule of Law in an Islamic Constitutional Democracy, https://digitalcommons.law.uidaho.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1345&context=faculty_scholarship
Policy Analysis Unit (2014). The new abadi government: a preemptive measure against the disintegration of the Iraqi state?, Arab Center for Research and Policy Studies, https://www.dohainstitute.org/en/PoliticalStudies/Pages/The_New_Abadi_Government_A_Preemptive_Measure_against_the_Disintegration_of_the_Iraqi_State.aspx
Rasheed, M. ( 2020). The analysis of macroeconomic gaps in Iraq for the period (1990-2017), Opción, Año 36, Especial (27) 367, 1261-1277, https://produccioncientificaluz.org/index.php/opcion/article/view/32040/33277
Salihy, R. (2019) Terror and torment: the civilian journey to escape Iraq's war against the ‘Islamic state’. In: Eriksson, J. & Khaleel, A. (Eds.) Iraq after ISIS: the challenges of post-war recovery. London: Palgrave, pp. 79–98
Sorani ,S.; Rouhi ,E.; Abdullahi, J. (2022).The legitimacy of the 2017 referendum on the independence of the Kurdistan region from the perspective of the Iraqi constitution and international law, World Politics, 11(1), 253-278,  10.22124/wp.2023.25156.3237 [in Persian]
Stanski, V., (2005). Linchpin for democracy: the critical role of civil society in iraq, Journal of Third World Studies, 22(2), 197-225. http://www.jstor.org/stable/45198565
Speckhard, A. & Ellenberg, M.D. (2020). ISIS in their own words: recruitment history, motivations for joining, travel, experiences in ISIS, and disillusionment over time –analysis of 220 In-depth interviews of ISIS returnees, defectors and prisoners. Journal of Strategic Security, 13(1), 82–127, DOI: https://doi.org/10.5038/1944-0472.13.1.1791
Transparency Intranational (2022). Corruption perceptions index, Available at: https://www.transparency.org/en/cpi/2022
 
 

فایل ها

هم رسانی

ارجاع به این مقاله

آمار