A Comparative Analysis of the Military Strategies of Sun Tzu and Keikavus Based on Classical Realism Theory

Document Type : Research Paper

Authors

1 Associate Professor, Political Science and International Relations, Department of International Relations, Imam Sadeq University, Tehran, Iran.

2 PhD student, Islamic Studies and Political Science, Iranian Issues Department, Imam Sadeq University, Tehran, Iran.

Abstract

This study compares two seminal Eastern texts—Qabusnama by Kaykavus ibn Iskandar and The Art of War by Sun Tzu—through the lens of classical realism . Despite originating in distinct cultural contexts, both works reflect key realist assumptions such as the inevitability of conflict, the centrality of power, and the instrumental use of ethics. Drawing on Hans Morgenthau’s framework, the research analyzes five core dimensions: pessimism about human nature, anarchy, conflict orientation, self-help, and ethical pragmatism. The findings reveal convergences in strategic thinking—particularly in leadership, deception, and military preparedness—while highlighting differences in ethical framing: Qabusnama integrates morality into politics, whereas The Art of War adopts a more pragmatic stance . The study ultimately argues that realist logic is not exclusive to the West and that pre-modern Asian thought offers indigenous strategic theories worthy of further exploration in global political discourse .

Keywords

References

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World Politics
Volume 14, Issue 3 - Serial Number 53
November 2025
Pages 89-110

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