Challenges of Transitional Justice vs Authoritarianism in the post Mubarak Era

Authors

1 University Professor

2 Researcher

Abstract

The traditional principles of international law such as the principles of state sovereignty and the state officials’ immunity, have become considerably weaker norms. The dimension of moral sovereignty of governments, by contrast, has gained much traction. concepts such as responsibility for protection and transitional justice means that internal developments in countries and violations of human rights by governments will lead to domestic and international reactions. These conflicting trajectories have come to a head during and in the aftermath of the 2011 Arab uprisings. The rulers of the North African countries, including Egypt, who committed human rights violations in their various forms during their rule, were prosecuted after being overthrown. However, transitional justice in Egypt was implemented in an incomplete way and without any enforcement of justice. The key question of this article is why the transitional justice in Egypt has not led to the enforcement of justice against former officials? The main hypothesis of this paper is that the exclusion of the political interests of the new rulers of Egypt, including the military council, the brotherhood government and the interim government under the protection of the military, as well as the continuation of the presence of the military in the structure of power, have led to the imperfect implementation of the mechanisms of transitional justice of the authorities of the former regime in Egypt. This article, based on the descriptive-analytical method and using authoritative documentary and archival data, attempts to examine the challenges of transitional justice in post-Bahamian Egypt.

Keywords


ذاکریان مهدی (1392)، همه حقوق بشر برای همه، تهران: انتشارات میزان، 159 ص.
قریشی، سید نجم‌الدین؛ کدخدایی، عباسعلی؛ بابابی، مجتبی و سوهانیان؛ فاطمه (1397)، «درآمدی بر مفهوم عدالت انتقالی در حوزه حقوق بین‌الملل و نقش کرامت انسانی و اخلاقی در توسعه آن»، فصلنامه پژوهش‌های اخلاقی، سال هشتم، شماره چهارم، صص 150-131.
الشاذلی، کریم و الشاذلی، فتوح (2010)، استقلال النظام القضایی المصری: الواقع و المامول، الشبکه الاوروبیه- المتوسطیه لحقوق الانسان. 116 ص.
براونلی، جایسون (2013)، العنف ضد الاقباط و المرحله الانتقالیه فی المصر، مرکز کارنیغی للشرق الاوسط. 40 ص، http://carnegieendowment.org/sada/?fa=53607&lang=ar
موافی تأمر، نوفمبر (2013)، الافلات من العقاب: عن العدالة الانتقالیة الغائبة فی مصر و تونس و لیبیا و یمن: الشبکه العربیه لمعلومات حقوق الانسان، 30-1.
Abd Rabou Ahmed, 24 March 2014, Civilian-military Relations and the Position of Security Institutions in the 2014 Constitution, Daily News Egypt, 1-32, http://www.dailynewsegypt.com/2014/03/24/2014-egyptian-constitutionwithout-accountability-checks-balances/
Abdel Tawab Ziad, 2013, The Crisis of Transitional Justice Following the Arab Spring: Egypt as a Model, 95-114,
http://www.cihrs.org/wp-content/uploads/2013/09/Transitional-Justice.pdf
Al Ali Zaid, 2014, Egypt’s third Constitution in Three years: A critical analysis, http://www.idea.int/wana/egypts-third-constitution-in-three-years-a-critical-analysis.cfm
Al Asar Marwan, 24 September 2014, Court to decide Mubarak’s fate on Saturday, http://www.dailynewsegypt.com/2014/09/24/court-decide-mubaraks-fate-saturday/
Al Jazeera, 20March 2011, Egypt Approves Constitutional Changes, http://www.aljazeera.com/news/middleeast/2011/03/2011320164119973176.html
Al Jazeera, 29 November 2014, Egypt Court dismisses charges against Mubarak, http://www.aljazeera.com/story/2014112944228138111
Ashoor Omar, 2017, Security Sector Reform and Transitional Justice After the Arab-Majority Uprisings: The Case of Egypt, 1-36; in; Transitional Justice in the Middle East and North Africa, Working Group Summary Report, https://repository.library.georgetown.edu/bitstream/handle/10822/1043055/CIRSSummaryReport16TransitionalJusticeInMENA2017.pdf?sequence=1
Barsalou Judy, June 2012, Transitional Justice in Egypt: one Step Forward, two Steps Back, Norwegian Peace Building Resource Centre, https://www.files.ethz.ch/isn/145030/fca860d3d7c23f44b3b865ce0dd98bf5.pdf
Digital Granma International, 3 June 2014, Challenges for the next President of Egypt, http://www.granma.cu/idiomas/ingles/international-i/3jun-Challenges%20for.html
El Chazli Karim, 2014, the Judiciary in the Constitution: lost opportunities for reform and enshrinement of the Judiciary’s impenetrability, Daily News Egypt, http://www.dailynewsegypt.com/2014/03/25/2014-egyptian-constitution-without-accountability-checks-balances-part-ii/
Feuille James, 2011, Reforming Egypt’s Constitution: Hope for Egyptian Democracy? Texas International Law Journal, Vol 47, Issue 1, p. 237-259.
Fick Maggie, 21 May 2014, Ousted Egyptian leader Mubarak gets three years jail for embezzling millions, Reuters, http://www.reuters.com/article/2014/05/21/us-egypt-mubarak-idUSBREA4K06720140521
Gallala Arndt Imen, 2012, Governance and New Political Actors: Constitutional Reforms in Tunisia, Egypt, Morocco and Jordan: A Comparative Assessment, http://www.iemed.org/observatori-en/arees-danalisi/arxius-adjunts/anuari/med.2012/gallala_en.pdf
IBAHRI, February 2014, Separating Law and Politics: Challenges to the Independence of Judges and Prosecutors in Egypt: Report of the International Bar Association Human Right Institute, 1-88, www.factfindingguidelines.org
Kholaif Dahlia, 5 August 2013, The Egyptian army's economic juggernaut, Al Jazeera, http://www.aljazeera.com/indepth/features/2013/08/20138435433181894.html
Kingsley Patrick, 18 January 2014, Egypt's new constitution gets 98% 'yes' vote, the guardian, https://www.theguardian.com/world/2014/jan/18/egypt-constitution-yes-vote-mohamed-morsi
Michael Maggie, 27 September 2014, Egyptian court postpones ruling in retrial of former president Mubarak over protester killings, Associated Press, http://www.usnews.com/news/world/articles/2014/09/27/egypt-court-postpones-ruling-in-mubarak-retrial
Morsy Ahmad, 26 July 2013, Transitional Justice: Egypt's Way Forward, http://www.mei.edu/content/transitional-justice-egypts-way-forward
Petkova Mariya, 2012, Transitional Justice in Egypt: A Comparison, New Bulgarian University and Al Jazeera Center for Studies, http://studies.aljazeera.net/ResourceGallery/media/Documents/2013/3/5/20133510146423734Mariya%20Petkova.pdf
Report of the Secretary General, 23 August 2004, the Rule of Law and Transitional Justice in Conflict and Post Conflict Societies, S/2004/616, 1-24
Sheriff Adel Omar and Brown Nathan j, 2002, Judicial independence in the Arab World, www.deontologie-judiciaire.umontreal.ca/.../ONU_jud-independence_M
Tadros Shrine, 15 February2012, Egypt military's economic empire, Al Jazeera, http://www.aljazeera.com/indepth/features/2012/02/2012215195912519142.html
Turner Catherine, 2016, Transitional Justice in Egypt: A Challenge and an Opportunity, https://timep.org/commentary/analysis/transitional-justice-in-egypt-a-challenge-and-an-opportunity/
UN General Assembly, 2012, Report of the Human Rights Council, A/HRC/Res/19/36, 1-204, http://responsibilitytoprotect.org/2012%20HRC%20report%20-%20res%2019_27.pdf
Val Garijo Fernando, 2010, Reparations for Victims as a key element of Transitional Justice in the Middle East Occupied Territories: A Legal and Institutional Approach, International Studies Journal (ISJ), Vol.6, No.4, 39-62.