Comparative Analysis of USA and Russia's Soft Power in the South Caucasus

Document Type : Research Paper

Authors

1 گروه علوم سیاسی دانشگاه اصفهان

2 student

Abstract

In the age of Globalization Soft power has an Equals important like as Hard Power. According to Joseph Nye''''s Theory, the result of Hard and soft Power Combination is Smart Power. So Russia and USA along with hardware competition, are rivals in the field of soft power. Although mentioned Competition dose not limited to the Specific Area But it has Double Importance in the Geopolitical Zone like South Caucasus Because by Soft influence Exploitation of long standing interests become Easier. According to Russia and USA tries to Apply their soft power in south Caucasus. Present article Answers the following Question; What these Moscow and Washington''''s tools to apply their soft power in the South Caucasus? And what are the differences and similarities with each other? To Answer these Question we use the Joseph Nye''''s Soft Power Theory. The result of this research indicate that "USA Soft power has political, Cultural and Economical Elements with Universal Dimension But Russia''''s Soft Power has more Historical- Cultural Dimension with Regional range. The soft power in the United States has a civilian background, but in Russia it has a more governmental character." So the manner of Applying the soft power in south Caucasus is Different. The present study was conducted by using library and internet resources

Keywords


صادقی، سعید و عسگرخانی، ابومحمد (1390)، «بررسی عملکرد قدرت نرم جمهوری اسلامی ایران در عراق جدید«، فصلنامه سیاست خارجی، سال بیست و پنجم، شماره 4
عطایی، محمد فرهاد و هدایتی شهیدانی، مهدی (1392)، «روند تحول قدرت نرم در سیاست خارجی روسیه»، فصلنامه مطالعات آسیای مرکزی و قفقاز، دوره 19، شماره 84
گلشن‌پژوه، محمدرضا (1387)، جمهوری اسلامی ایران و قدرت نرم، تهران: مرکز تحقیقات استراتژیک.
نای، جوزف (1387)، قدرت نرم، ترجمه محسن روحانی و مهدی ذوالفقاری، تهران: انتشارات دانشگاه امام صادق.
نورمحمدی، مرتضی (1395)، «جایگاه دیپلماسی آموزشی در سیاست خارجی عربستان سعودی در منطقه خاورمیانه»، فصلنامه مطالعات سیاسی جهان اسلام، سال پنجم، شماره 19
Aghazada, Rashad (2013), "Searching for a new foreign policy strategy for Azerbaijan--public diplomacy efforts", European Scientific Journal, Vol, 2, No. 1.
Baban, Inessa & Shiriyev, Zaur (2010),"The U.S. South Caucasus strategy and Azerbaijan", Turkish Policy Quarterly, Vol. 9, No. 2.
Bauer, Ryan (2016), “Russia’s Soft Power Development in the 21st Century”, Small Wars Foundation, 13 Agust 2016.
Burnidge, Cara. L (2016), Religious Influences on U.S. Foreign Policy, Oxford Research Encyclopedia of American History.
Cohen, Ariel (2012), "Ideology and Sot Power in Contemporary Russia", in Stephan J. Blank (ed), Perspectives on Russian Foreign Policy, Strategic Studies Institute.
De Waal, Thomas (2011), “Spring for the Patriarchs,” The National Interest, Available at: http://nationalinterest.org/commentary/spring-the-patriarchs-4786, 29 March 2017.
Dolinskiy, Alexey (2012), “What Is Public Diplomacy and Why Russia Needs It?” Russian International Affairs Council, Available at: http://russiancouncil.ru/en/inner/?id_4=913#top-content, Accessed on: 25 March 2017.
Dougherty, Jill (2013), Russia’s “Soft Power” Strategy, Washington D.C: Georgetown University.
Fierman, William (2012), "Russian in Post-Soviet Central Asia: A Comparison with the States of the Baltic and South Caucasus", Europe-Asia Studies, Vol. 64, No. 6.
Fleming, Sam,  Cadman , Emily,  Bernard, Steven & Pearson, Tom ( 2016), “US economy: statistics at a glance”, Financial Times,  Available at: https://ig.ft.com/sites/numbers/economies/us, Accessed on 29 March 2017.
Fominykh, Alexey (2016), "Russia's Public Diplomacy in Central Asia and the Caucasus: The Role of the Universities", The Hague Journal of Diplomacy, Vol. 12, No. 1.
FCRF (2016), Foreign Policy Concept of the Russian Federation (approved by President of the Russian Federation Vladimir Putin on November 30, 2016), The Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Russian Federation, Available at:http://www.mid.ru/en/foreign_policy/official_documents//asset_publisher/CptICkB6BZ29/content/id/2542248, Accessed on: 26 March 2017.
GMF (2013), Threats of Russia’s Soft and Hard Power Policy in Georgia, The German Marshall Fund of the united State, Policy Document.
GMF (2016), Threats of Russian hard and soft power in Georgia, The German Marshall Fund of the united State, Policy Document.
Gorchakov Fund (2013), About Russian-Georgian Center, Available at: http://gorchakovfund.ru/en/center/13934/, Accessed on: 25 March 2017.
Grigorian, Richard (2015), Soft power in Armenia: Neither soft, nor powerful, Available at: http://www.ecfr.eu/, Accessed on: 12 February 2017.
Haass, Richard. N (2008), “The Age of Nonpolarity”, Foreign Affairs, May/June.
Harutyunyan, Harutyun (2010), "The Role of the Armenian Church During Military Conflicts", Caucasus analytical digest, No. 20.
IIE (2016), “International Students in the United States”, Institute of International Education, Available at: http://www.iie.org/Services/Project-Atlas/United-States/International-Students-In-US#.WHsReo5unIU, Accessed on, 20 March 2017.
Ikenberry, G.Johen (1998), “A World Economy Restored: Expert Consensus and Anglo-American Postwar Settlement”, International Organization, Vol. 46, No. 1.
Institute of International Education (2016), The number of Students from Europe in the U.S, Available at: http://www.iie.org, Accessed on: 20 March 2017.
Ismailzade, Fariz (2010), US Policy towards the South Caucasus: How to Move Forward, Caucasus analytic digest, No. 13.
Judis, John. B (2005), "The Chosen Nation: The Influence of Religion on U.S. Foreign Policy", Policy Brief, Carnegie Endowment for International Peace.
Kornilov, Alexander & Makarychev, Andrey (2015), "Russia’s soft power in the South Caucasus", In Alexander Agadjanian, Ansgar Jödicke & Evert van der Zweerde (ed), Religion, Nation and Democracy in the South Caucasus, London And New york: Routledge Taylor & Francis Group.
Kosachev, Konstantin (2012), “The Specifics of Russian Soft Power”, Russia in Global Affairs, Available at: http://eng.globalaffairs.ru/, Accessed on: 19 March 2017.
Kubyshkin, Aleksandr and Sergunin, Aleksandr (2012), “The Problem of the “Special Path” in Russian Foreign Policy”, Russian Politics and Law, Vol. 50, No. 6.
Kudors, Andis, (2010) “Russian World: Russia’s Soft Power Approach to Compatriots Policy”, Russian Analytical Digest, No. 81.
Lankina, Tomila and Niemczyk, Kinga (2015), "Russia’s Foreign Policy and Soft Power", in David Cadier & Margot Light (ed), Russia’s Foreign Policy Ideas, Domestic Politics and External Relations, Palgrave Studies in International Relations Series.
Lapham, Kate (2012), Supportin Diversity in South Caucasus, Open Society Fundation, Available at: https://www.opensocietyfoundations.org/, Accessed on: 3 April 2017.
Makarychev, Andery (2016), "The Limits to Russian Soft Power in Georgia", PONARS Eurasia Policy Memo, No. 412.
Makarychev, Andrey and Yatsyk, Alexandra (2014), "(Non) “Russian World”, (Non) Soft Power: Putin’s Serpentine Policy in the South Caucasus", Caucasus analytical digest, No. 67-68.
MFARF (2013),” Concept of the Foreign Policy of the Russian Federation”, Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Russian Federation, Available at: http://www.mid.ru/brp_4.nsf/0/76389FEC168189ED44257B2E0039B16D, Accessed on: 12 March 2017.
Miles, Jack (2004), Religion and American Foreign policy, Survival, Vol. 46, No. 1.
Ministry of Education and Science of the Russian Federation (2017), CIS branches of the Russian higher educational institutions, Available at: http://en.russia.edu.ru/zvuz/1067/, Accessed on: 24 March 2017.
NSF (2016), “U.S. science and technology leadership increasingly challenged by advances in Asia”, National Science Foundation, Available at: https://www.nsf.gov/news/news_summ.jsp?cntn_id=137394, Accessed on: 5 March 2017.
Nye, Joseph (2008), "Public diplomacy and Soft Power", The Annals of the American academy of political and social science, Vol. 616, No. 1.
Nye, Joseph (2010), The Future of Soft Power in US Foreign Policy, London: Routledge.
Parmar, Inderjeet and Cox, Michael (2010), Soft Power and US Foreign Policy; Theoretical and Contemporary perspectives, London: Routledge.
Partners of the Americas (2016), “Open Doors Analysis: Study Abroad Trends and Partners”, Available at http://www.partners.net/blogs/open-doors-analysis-study-abroad-trends-and-partners, Accessed on: 13 March 2017.
Peterson, Pattimcgill (2014), "Diplomacy and Education: A Changing Global Landscape", International Higher Education, N0, 75.
Pew Research Center (2006), God’s Country? Evangelicals and U.S. Foreign Policy, Available at: http://www.pewforum.org/2006/09/26/gods-country-evangelicals-and-us-foreign-policy/, Accessed on: 4 April 2017.
Reporters without Borders (2016), Worls Prees Freedon Index 2016, Available at: http://rsf.prg/en/ranling, Accesses on: 28 March 2017.
RIAC (2012), Postulates on Russia’s Foreign Policy (2012-2018), Russian International Affairs Council.
RNSS (2015), Russian National Security Strategy, Available at: http://www.ieee.es/Galerias/fichero/OtrasPublicaciones/Internacional/2016/Russian-National-Security-Strategy-31Dec2015.pdf, Accessed on: 22 March 2017.
Russia in Figure (2016), Federal State Statistic Service,Available at: http://www.gks.ru/free_doc/doc_2016/rusfig/rus16e.pdf, Accessed on: 11 March 2017.
Sergunin, Alexander and Karabeshkin, Leonid (2015), “Understanding Russia’s Soft Power Strategy”, Politics, Vol. 35, No, 3-4.
Shakirov, Oleg (2013), “Russian Soft Power under Construction”, International Relations, Available at: http://www.e-ir.info/, Accessed on: 8 March 2017.
Shakirov, Oleg (2013), Russian Soft power under Construction, E-International Relation, Available at: http://www.e-ir.info/2013/02/14/russian-soft-power-under-construction/, Accessed on: 27 March 2017.
Songchuan, Chen (2011), “Is America Declining?” Available at: https://www.brookings.edu/opinions/is-america-declining/, Accessed on: 6 March 2017.
Strange, Susan (1998), State and Market: An introduction to International political Economy, New york: Blackwell.
Svensson, Therese; Hon, Julia and Tbilisi, Seattle (2010), Attitudes toward the West in the South Caucasus, Caucasus analytic digest, No. 13
Tafuro, Eleonora (2014), “Fatal Attraction? Russia’s soft power in its neighborhoods Perception of Russia’s soft power and influence in the Baltic States”, FRIDE European Think Tank for Global Action, Policy Brief, No, 181.
The World Bank (2015), IBRD loans and IDA credits (DOD, current US$), Available at: http://data.worldbank.org/indicator/DT.DOD.MWBG.CD?end=2015&locations=AM-AZ-GE-IR-KP&start=2000&view=chart, Accessed on: 2 April 2017.
Thornton, Laura and Sichinava, Davit (2015), Public Attitude in Georgia, National Democratic institute by Caucasus Research Resource Center.
Tilghman, A. and O. Pawlyk(2015), U.S. vs. Russia: What a war would look like between the world's most fearsome militaries, Available at: http://www.militarytimes.com/articles/us-vs-russia-what-a-war-would-look-like-between-the-worlds-most-fearsome-militaries, Accessed on: 8 March 2017.
VOA (2017), “Mission and Values”, Available at: http://www.insidevoa.com/p/5831.html, Accessed on: 6 March 2017.
Wike, Richard , Poushter, Jacob & Zainulbhai, Hani( 2016), As Obama Years Draw to Close, President and U.S. Seen Favorably in Europe and Asia, Pew research center, Available at: http://www.pewglobal.org/2016/06/29/3-china-and-the-global-balance-of-power, Accesses on: 6 March 2017.
Witherell, Sharon (2016), “Open Doors 2015 Data”, Institute of International Education (IIE), Available at: http://www.iie.org/Who-We-Are/News-and-Events/Press-Center/Press-Releases/2015/2015-11-16-Open-Doors-Data#.WHsir45unIU, Accessed on: 5 March 2017.
World Bank Group Finance (2014), Top 8 countries voting power, Available at: https://finances.worldbank.org/Shareholder-Equity/Top-8-countries-voting-power/udm3-vzz9/data, Accessed on: 3 April 2017.
Центр социологических исследований (2015), Обучение Иностранных Граждан в Высших учебных Заведениях Российской Федерации, Министерство Образования и Науки Российской Федерации.