The Responsibility to Protect and the Dilemma of Governance and Intervention in the Security Council

Document Type : Research Paper

Authors

1 Professor of International Relations Kharazmi University

2 PhD Student in International Relations, Kharazmi University, Karaj, Iran.

Abstract

Establishing a balance between the two norms of humanitarian intervention and sovereignty (non-intervention) is the most serious challenge the responsibility to protect faces. Although the United Nations Security Council is the main promoter of the responsibility to protect, numerous goals and interests of the permanent members of the council prevents a comprehensive understanding of the concept of sponsored responsibility. The question of the current research is: “how the recent statuses and actions of the permanent members of the UN Security Council have affected the normative power of the responsibility to protect and transforming it into a global comprehensive regime?” The primary response is that, despite of the initial consensus in the Security Council on the responsibility to protect, different priorities of the permanent western (United States, England and France) and eastern (Russia and China) members of the Security Council in favor of sovereignty or humanitarian intervention not only has deviated responsibility to protect from its main route toward turning into a global inclusive regime, but it also shows that this concept remains as a common public debate in the international community and has not turned to be a behavioral pattern of states. Therefore the norm of responsibility to protect has not even reached to the internalization level. The research methodology utilized in this paper is descriptive-analytic descriptive-analytical based on objective-historical data.

Keywords


بهمن‌تاجانی، شهرام (1394)، «حاکمیت و مسوولیت حمایت در پرتو حقوق بین‌الملل کیفری»، سیاست جهانی، دوره چهارم، شماره 1، صص 261-237.
پاشابنیاد، موسی و مصفا، نسرین (1395)، «کاربرد دکترین مسئولیت به حمایت، در حقوق بین‌الملل پاسخ به حوادث»، مطالعات حقوق عمومی، دوره چهل‌وششم، شماره 3، صص 532-511.
جمشیدی، محمدحسین، سلطانی‌نژاد، احمد و معصوم‌زاده، نیکبود (1395)، «ارزیابی نظری رابطه مسؤولیت حمایت و حاکمیت دولت‌ها از منظر سازه‌انگاری»، تحقیقات سیاسی و بین‌المللی، دوره هشتم، شماره 26، صص 56-27.
سیمبر، رضا و قربانی، وحید (1391)، «کاربست دکترین مسئولیت حمایت در بحران لیبی»، پژوهشنامه حقوق کیفری، دوره سوم، شماره 1، صص 83-99.
صادقی، دیدخت (1392)، «مسئولیت بین‌المللی حمایت و حاکمیت دولت‌ها»، مطالعات روابط بین‌الملل، دوره ششم، شماره 22، صص 156-133.
کازرونی، سیدمصطفی (1393)، مسئولیت حمایت در حقوق بین‌الملل، تهران: موسسه فرهنگی و انتشاراتی نگاه بینه.
یزدان‌فام، محمود (1387)، «قواعد و هنجارهای بین‌المللی: پیدایش، تحول و تأثیرگذاری»، مطالعات راهبردی، دوره یازدهم، شماره 42، صص 778-757.
Arbour, L. (2011), “The Responsibility to Protect as a Duty of Care in International Law and Practice”, Review of International Studies, Vol. 34, No. 3, pp. 445-458.
Bannelier-Christakis, K (2016), “Military Interventions against ISIL in Iraq, Syria and Libya and the Legal Basis of Consent”, Leiden Journal of International Law, Vol. 29, No. 3, pp.743-775.
Bellamy, A. J. (2003), “Humanitarian Responsibilities and Interventionist Claims in International Society”, Review of International Studies, Vol. 29, No. 3, pp. 321-340.
Bellamy, A. J. (2011), “Libya and the Responsibility to Protect: The Exception and the Norm” Ethics and International Affairs, Vol. 25, No. 3, pp. 263-269.
Bellamy, A. J. and Williams, P. D. (2011), “The New Politics of Protection? Cote d’Ivoire, Libya and the Responsibility to Protect” International Affairs, Vol. 87, No. 4, pp. 825-850.
bin Talal, E. H. and Schwarz, R. (2013), “The Responsibility to Protect and the Arab World: An Emerging International Norm?”, Contemporary Security Policy, Vol. 34, No. 1, pp. 1-15.
Boella, G., van der Torre, L. (2006), “Constitutive Norms in the Design of Normative Multiagent Systems”, In Computational Logic in Multi-Agent Systems (pp. 303-319), F. Toni and P. Torroni (eds.), Heidelberg: Springer.
Burke-White, W. W. (2011), “Adoption of the Responsibility to Protect”, in the Responsibility to Protect: the Promise of Stopping Mass Atrocities in Our Time (pp. 17-34), J. Genser et al. (eds.), New York: Oxford University Press.
Davtyan, A. (2016), The Evolution of Responsibility to Protect through UN Security Council, Verlag: LAP LAMBERT Academic Publishing.
Farer, T. J., Archibugi, D., Brown, C., Crawford, N. C., Weiss, T. and Wheeler, N. J. (2005), “Roundtable: Humanitarian Intervention After 9/11”, International Relations, Vol. 19, No. 2, pp. 211-250.
Ferris, E. G. (2011), the Politics of Protection the Limits of Humanitarian Action, Washington D.C.: Brookings Institution Press.
Hasenclever, A., Mayer, P. and Rittberger, V. (1997), Theories of international regimes, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Hehir, A. (2010), Humanitarian Intervention: an Introduction, Hampshire: Palgrave Macmillan.
Hehir, A. (2011), “The Illusion of Progress: Libya and the Future of R2P?”, in The Responsibility to Protect: challenges and opportunities in light of the Libyan intervention (pp. 18-19), T. G. Weiss et al. (eds.), e-International Relations, November, Available at: http://www.e-ir.info/wp-content/uploads/R2P.pdf
ICISS (2001), “The Responsibility to Protect: Report of the International Commission on Intervention and State Sovereignty”, IDRC, 1 January, Available at: http://responsibilitytoprotect.org/ICISS%20Report.pdf
Keeler, R. (2017), The Kigali Principles on the Protection of Civilians; Evaluating the Kigali principles from a historical perspective on UN peacekeeping missions, Master’s Program in Public International Law, Utrecht: Utrecht University.
Koh, H. H. (2016), “The War Powers and Humanitarian Intervention”, Houston Law Review, Vol. 53, No. 4, pp. 971-1033.
Krook, M. L. and True, J. (2012), “Rethinking the life cycles of international norms: The United Nations and the global promotion of gender equality”, European Journal of International Relations, Vol. 18, No. 1, pp. 103-127.
Lennon, A. T. J. and Eiss, C. (2004), Reshaping Rogue States: Preemption, Regime Change, and US Policy toward Iran, Iraq, and North Korea, Cambridge: MIT Press.
Linter, J. E. (2005), “Humanitarian Intervention: Legitimising the Illegal?”, Defence Studies, Vol. 5, No. 2, pp. 271–294.
Luck, E. C. (2009), “Sovereignty, choice, and the responsibility to protect”, Global Responsibility to Protect, Vol. 1, No. 1, pp. 10-21.
Luck, E. C. (2010), “Building a Norm: The Responsibility to Protect Experience”, in Mass Atrocity Crimes Preventing Future Outrages (pp. 108-127), R. I. Rotberg (ed.), Washington, D.C.: Brookings Institution Press.
Luck, E. C. (2011), “Sovereignty, Choice, and the Responsibility to Protect”, in The Responsibility to Protect and International Law (pp. 13-24), A. J. Bellamy, S. E. Davies and L. Glanville (eds.), Leiden: Martinus Nijhoff.
Luck, E. C. (2011), “The Responsibility to Protect: The First Decade”, Global Responsibility to Protect, Vol. 3, No. 4, pp. 1-13.
Morris, J. (2013), “Libya and Syria: R2P and the spectre of the swinging pendulum”, International Affairs, Vol. 89, No. 5, pp. 1265–1283.
Morris, J. (2013), “Libya and Syria: R2P and the spectre of the swinging pendulum”, International Affairs, Vol. 89, No. 5, pp. 1265-1283.
Nuruzzaman, M. (2013), “The ‘Responsibility to Protect Doctrine: Revived in Libya, Buried in Syria”, Insight Turkey, Vol. 15, No. 2, pp. 57-66.
Pattison, J. (2010), Humanitarian intervention and the Responsibility to Protect, Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Report of the High-level Panel on Threats, Challenges and Change (2004), “A more secure world: Our shared responsibility”, U.N., Available at: http://www.un.org/en/peacebuilding/pdf/historical/hlp_more_secure_world.pdf
Roberts, A. (2004), “The United Nations and Humanitarian Intervention”, in Humanitarian Intervention and International Relations (pp. 71-97), J. M. Welsh (ed.), New York: Oxford University Press.
Rotmann, P., Kurtz, G. and Brockmeier, S. (2014), “Major Powers and the Contested Evolution of a Responsibility to Protect”, Conflict, Security & Development, Vol. 14, No. 4, pp. 355-377.
Schoenbaum, T. J. (2006), International Relations – The Path Not Taken: Using International Law to Promote World Peace and Security, New York: Cambridge University Press.
St John, R. B. (2016), “From the February 17 Revolution to Benghazi: rewriting history for political gain”, The Journal of North African Studies, Vol. 21, No. 3, pp. 357-378.
Thakur, R. (2016), The United Nations, Peace and Security: From Collective Security to the Responsibility to Protect, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Thakur, R. and Weiss, T. G. (2009), "R2P: From Idea to Norm-and Action?", Global Responsibility to Protect, Vol. 1, No. 1, pp. 22-53.
U.N. Doc (12 January 2009), “Report of the Secretary-General: Implementing the Responsibility to Protect”, U.N., Available at: https://www.un.org/ruleoflaw/files/SG_reportA_63_677_en.pdf
U.N. Doc (14 July 2010), “New Report of the SG on Early Warning, Assessment and the Responsibility to Protect”, U.N., Available at: http://www.responsibilitytoprotect.org/N1045020%281%29.pdf
U.N. Doc (17 March 2011), “Resolution 1970”, U.N., Available at: http://www.un.org/ga/search/view_doc.asp?symbol=S/RES/1973%20%282011%29
U.N. Doc (2 Dec 2004), “U.N. Secretary-General, In Larger Freedom: Towards Development, Security and Human Rights for All”, U.N., Available at: ww.un.org/en/events/.../pdfs/larger_freedom_exec_summary.pdf
U.N. Doc (23 Sep 2003), “Adoption of Policy of Pre-Emption Could Result in Proliferation of Unilateral, Lawless Use of Force, Secretary-General Tells General Assembly”, U.N., Available at: https://www.un.org/press/en/2003/sgsm8891.doc.htm
U.N. Doc (25 July 2012), “U.N. Secretary-General, Responsibility to Protect: Timely and Decisive Response”, U.N., Available at: http://www.responsibilitytoprotect.org/UNSG%20Report_timely%20and%20decisive%20response(1).pdf
U.N. Doc (26 February 2011), “Resolution 1970”, U.N., Available at: http://www.un.org/ga/search/view_doc.asp?symbol=S/RES/1970%20%282011%29
Weiss, T. G. (2011), “Whither R2P?”, in The Responsibility to Protect: challenges and opportunities in light of the Libyan intervention (pp. 6-12), T. G. Weiss et al. (eds.), e-International Relations, November, Available at: http://www.e-ir.info/wp-content/uploads/R2P.pdf
Wheeler, N. J. (2003), Saving Strangers: Humanitarian Intervention in International Society, New York: Oxford University Press.
Young, O. R. (1982), “Regime Dynamics: The Rise and fall of International Regimes”, International Organization, Vol. 36, No. 2, pp. 277-297.