Strategies and International Geopolitical, Geoeconomic, and Geocultural Regimes of the United States in Global and Regional Ordering

Document Type : Research Paper

Author

Head of International Relations Department at the Institute for Strategic Research and PhD in International Relations from the University of Tehran

Abstract

The existing international order is primarily the result of the three fundamental changes of the international system in the 20th century. World War I reduced Europe's share of the global power. World War II led to a paradigm shift in international system, which had been monopolized by traditional European powers for centuries. As a result of this war, Europe's role was reduced to the status of semi-peripheral powers for the US and Soviet superpowers. The collapse of the Soviet Union was the third development that established the United States as a superpower at the end of the twentieth century. In the past two decades, there have been signs of the emergence of new global powers and a shift in US' superior position that have prompted a backlash. In this context, the fundamental question is what is the US strategy to deal with the process of global transition of power in the global order? In response to this question,the hypothesis has been put forward that the United States has adopted three sectoral strategies,including neoـisolationism, selective engagement,and collective security aiming to delay the power transition process; Also, the establishment and consolidation of international regimes in three areas of geopolitics, geoeconomics and geoculture. 

Keywords


برزگر، کیهان (1399)، «اهداف استراتژیک آمریکا و اروپا در مورد ایران»، فصلنامه سیاست خارجی، دوره 34، شماره 1 - شماره پیاپی 133، بهار 1399، صص 37-55.
بایزیدی، رحیم (1393)، «پارادایم‌های روابط بین‌الملل: بررسی پارادایمیک بودن رویکردهای نظری روابط بین‌الملل در ابعاد نظری، روش شناسی و شناخت شناسی»، فصلنامه تحقیقات سیاسی و بینالمللی، دوره 6، شماره 18 - شماره پیاپی 18، بهار 1393، صص 219-247.
بایزیدی، رحیم (1399)، «گروه ویژه اقدام مالی (FATF) در اقتصاد جهانی و سیاست بین‌الملل: تحلیل الگوی رفتاری گروه ویژه در قبال ایران»، سازمان‌های بین‌المللی، سال 4، شماره 12، صص 396-363.
طباطبایی، سید محمد و سیفی، یوسف (1391)، «استراتژی کلان آمریکا در خاورمیانه: میدانی برای تعامل قدرت سخت و قدرت نرم»، مطالعات روابط بین‌الملل، دوره 5، شماره 19 - شماره پیاپی 18، پاییز 1391، صص 153-186.
Art, Robert J. (1998–1999), "Geopolitics Updated: The Strategy of Selective Engagement". International Security23 (3): 80.
Askari, Hossein G., John Forrer, Hildy Teegen, Jiawen Yang (2003), Economic Sanctions: Examining Their Philosophy and Efficacy. Westport, CT, Praeger.
Baldwin, David (1985), Economic Statecraft. Princeton : Princeton University Press.
Balzacq, Thierry, Dombrowski, Peter and Reichm Simon (2020), Comparative grand strategy: a framework and cases. Oxford:  Oxford University Press.
Borgwardt, Elizabeth; Nichols, Christopher McKnight & Preston, Andrew (2021), Rethinking American Grand Strategy.  Oxford University Press.
Bull, Hedley (1968), “Strategic Studies and Its Critics”. World Politics , Volume 20 , Issue 4 , July 1968 , pp. 593 – 605. DOI: https://doi.org/10.2307/2009685
Choucri, Nazli, and Robert C. North (1975), Nations in Conflict: National Growth and International Violence. San Francisco: W. H. Freeman.
Corr, Anders (2018), Great Powers, Grand Strategies, The New Game in the South China Sea. Naval Institute Press.
Daudi, M.S. and M.S. Dajani (1983), Economic Sanctions: Ideals and Experience. London : Rutledge and Kegan Pact.
Doxey, Margaret (1990), "International Sanctions", In World Politics: Power, Interdependence and Dependence. Canada:Harcourt Brace,Jovanovich.
Drezner, Daniel W. (1999), The Sanctions Paradox: Economic Statecraft and International Relations. Cambridge University Press.
Dunnigan, James F. (1999), Dirty Little Secrets of the Twentieth Century. William Morrow Paperbacks; 1st Edition.
Freedman, Lawrence (2013), Strategy. Oxford University Press.
Gaddis, John Lewis (2005), Strategies of Containment. Oxford University Press.
Gagliano, Joseph A. (2019), Alliance Decision-Making in the South China Sea Between Allied and Alone. Routledge.
Galtung, Johan (1988), "on the Effects or International Economic Sanction". World Politics, Vol., XIX april
Gilpin, Robert (1988), “The Theory of Hegemonic War”. The Journal of Interdisciplinary History, Vol. 18, No. 4, The Origin and Prevention of Major Wars (Spring, 1988), pp. 591-613.
Gray, Colin (2007), War, Peace and International Relations: An Introduction to Strategic History. Abingdon and New York City: Routledge 2007, p. 283.
Hufbauer Gary Clyde and Jeffrey Schott (2001), “Using Sanctions to Fight Terrorism”. Institute for International Economices .
Katzman, Kenneth (2017), Iran Sanctions. CreateSpace Independent Publishing Platform.
Larsdotter, Kersti (2021), Military Strategy in the 21st Century. Routledge.
Lew, Jacob J. and Richard Nephew (2018), The Use and Misuse of Economic Statecraft, How Washington Is Abusing Its Financial Might. Foreign Affairs, November/December 2018 Issue,
Lind, Michael (2008), The American Way of Strategy: U.S. Foreign Policy and the American Way of Life. Oxford University Press, 1st Edition.
Losman, Donald L. (1979), International Economic Sanctions. Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press.
Massie, Justin and Paquin, Jonathan (2021), America's Allies and the Decline of US Hegemony. Routledge.
Mintzberg, Henry and, Quinn, James Brian (1996), The Strategy Process: Concepts, Contexts, Cases. Prentice Hall.
Morton, Louis (1962), “United States Army in World War 2: War in the Pacific, Strategy and Command: The First Two Years”. GPO. pp. 376–386.
Murray; et al. (1994), The Making of Strategy: Rulers, States, and War. Cambridge University Press.
Nephew, Richard (2018), The Art of Sanctions: A View from the Field. Columbia University Press.
Organski, AFK (1958), World Politics. New York: Knopf.
Posen, Barry R.; Ross, Andrew L. (Winter 1996–1997), "Competing Visions for U.S. Grand Strategy" (PDF). International Security21 (3).
Simmons, B. A. (2001), “The international politics of harmonization: The case of capital market regulation”, International Organization, 55, PP. 589–620.
Taylor, Brendan (2010), Sanctions as Grand Strategy. Adelphi series, Routledge: 1 edition.
Thrall, A. Trevor and Friedman, Benjamin H. (2018), US Grand Strategy in the 21st Century: The Case For Restraint. Routledge Global Security Studies, 1st Edition.
Walt, Stephen M. (1985), “Alliance Formation and the Balance of World Power”. International Security, Vol. 9, No. 4 (Spring, 1985), pp. 3-43.
منابع آنلاین
Lippmann, Walter (1952), "Isolation and Expansion". Available at: www.mtholyoke.edu.
nationalinterest.org/feature/use-america-russia-summit-bring-back-arms-control-25736
www.armscontrol.org/act/2003_12/MillerandScheinman
www.cfr.org/report/global-nuclear-nonproliferation-regime
www.fatf-gafi.org/about/historyofthefatf/
www.fatf-gafi.org/publications/fatfrecommendations/documents/fatf-recommendations.html
www.nti.org/learn/treaties-and-regimes/treaty-on-the-non-proliferation-of-nuclear-weapons/