Effects and consequences of Donald Trump's maximum pressure policy towards the Islamic Republic of Iran

Document Type : Research Paper

Authors

1 PhD student of International Relations, Department of Political Science, Shahrood Branch, Islamic Azad University, Shahrood, Iran

2 Assistant Professor, Department of Political Science, Shahrood Branch, Islamic Azad University, Shahrood, Iran

Abstract

The nuclear issue of the Islamic Republic of Iran has been one of the most prominent international issues during the last decade in the Middle East region, this article focuses on the effects of the maximum pressure policy of the President of the United States, Donald Trump, during the years 2017 to 2021, against the Islamic Republic of Iran. By withdrawing the United States from the Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action in mid-spring 2018, Trump adopted a policy known as maximum pressure against the Islamic Republic of Iran. The government of Iran and the United States would settle. This goal was not achieved until the end of Donald Trump's presidency in 2021, but it has produced effects in the political and economic fields for Iran. In this article, the analysis of these works is done in an explanatory method and based on the collection of data and information in a library manner.

Keywords


Alterman, Jon B. )2019(. Punishing Iran Is Not a Strategy. Februrary 21. https://www.csis.org/analysis/punishing-iran-not-strategy.
Batrawy, Aya. 2019. Pompeo in Mideast talks on building a coalition against Iran. June 25. https://www.apnews.com/cf67b367c4164d4885ce14a3126eaa2d.
Brands, Hal (2018). America Grand Strategy in the Age of Trump. Brookings Institution Press, January 16.
Chiacu, Doina, Makini Brice, Jonathan Oatis, and James Dalgleish. )2019(. Trump denies U.S. plan to send 120,000 troops to counter Iran threat. May 14. https://www.reuters.com/article/us-usa-iran-military/trump-denies-us-plan-to-send-120000-troops-to-counter-iran-threat-idUSKCN1SK1YM.
Cole, Brendan. )2018(. Mike Pompeo Says Iran Must Listen to U.S. 'If They Want Their People to Eat'. November 9. https://www.newsweek.com/mike-pompeo-says-iran-must-listen-us-if-they-want-their-people-eat-1208465.
Daragahi, Borzou. )2018(. US struggles to find footing on Yemen, as Iran increases influence. November 30. https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/middle-east/us-yemen-civil-war-iran-influence-saudi-arabia-bombing-trump-weapons-houthis-rebels-a8661546.html.
De Luce, Dan, and Abigail Williams. 2019. Trump admin slaps new restrictions on Iran's nuclear activities. May 4. https://www.nbcnews.com/politics/national-security/trump-admin-slaps-new-restrictions-iran-s-nuclear-activities-n1001861.
Eiland, Giora. )2018(. Weakening Iran by targeting Hezbollah. December 7. https://www.ynetnews.com/articles/0,7340,L-5421134,00.html.
Evansky, Ben. )2019(. UN Security Council condemns attacks on oil tankers, but not Iran. June 24. https://www.foxnews.com/world/un-security-council-condemns-attacks-oil-tankers-not-iran.
Evans, Peter. (28 October, 2017). "Behind Trump’s Rhetoric of Economic Nationalism," Global Dialogue 7, 4 (Online). Available at: https://globaldialogue. isa-sociology.org/behind-trumps-rhetoric-ofeconomic-nationalism (Accessed 2 November 2021).
Fattah, Zainab, and Bloomberg. )2019(. U.S. Navy Says It Has Proof Iran Was Involved in Oil Tanker Attacks. June 19. https://fortune.com/2019/06/19/iran-attacks-oil-tankers/.
Gaouette, Nicole, Donna Borak, and Kylie Atwood. 2019. US signals it may block France's Iran plan as it offers millions to tanker captains to impound Iranian oil. September 5. https://edition.cnn.com/2019/09/04/politics/us-iran-reward-sanctions/index.html.
Gaurdian. )2019(. Iran tensions: 1,500 US troops head to Middle East as Trump seals $7bn Saudi arms sale . May 25. https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2019/may/24/us-military-new-troop-middle-east-iran-trump.
Gause, Gregory. 2017. Policy Series: The Trump Administration and the Middle East. August 14. https://issforum.org/roundtables/policy/1-5av-middleeast#_ftn35.
GlobalSecurity. )2017(. Cold War - Rollback. September 19. https://www.globalsecurity.org/military/ops/cold-war-rollback.htm.
Gulf News. 2018. Hezbollah must put Lebanon over Iran. November 17. https://gulfnews.com/opinion/editorials/hezbollah-must-put-lebanon-over-iran-1.60404709.
Hassan, Falih, Megan Specia, and Rick Gladstone. 2019. Pompeo Makes Unscheduled Trip to Iraq to Press U.S. Concerns About Iran. May 7.
https://www.nytimes.com/2019/05/07/world/europe/pompeo-cancels-berlin.html.
Helleiner, Eric. (2021). "The Diversity of Economic Nationalism," New Political Economy 26, 2: 229-238, <DOI: 10.1080/13563467.2020.1 841137>.
Karsten, Jashua. 2019. USS Boxer arrives in 5th Fleet waters amid tensions with Iran. June 24. https://www.stripes.com/news/uss-boxer-arrives-in-5th-fleet-waters-amid-tensions-with-iran-1.587372.
Kennedy, Kelly. )2019(. Trump vetoes congressional resolution on US role in Yemen. April 21. https://thearabweekly.com/trump-vetoes-congressional-resolution-us-role-yemen.
Litwak, Robert S. )2007(. Regime Change: U.S. Strategy Through the Prism of 9/11. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press.
MacDonald, Alex. 2019. Unknown group claims Baghdad rocket attack as retaliation for Trump soldier pardon. May 21. https://www.middleeasteye.net/news/militants-claims-baghdad-rocket-attack-retaliation-over-trump-pardoning-us-soldier.
Moore, Mark. )2019(. US ‘may have brought down’ second Iranian drone in Strait of Hormuz . July 23. https://nypost.com/2019/07/23/us-may-have-brought-down-second-iranian-drone-in-strait-of-hormuz/.
Rasheed, Ahmed, and John Davison Pompeo, Michael R. 2018. Confronting Iran: The Trump Administration's Strategy. October 15. https://blogs.state.gov/stories/2018/10/31/en/confronting-iran-trump-administrations-strategy.
Reuters. )2018(. Market can cope with push for zero Iranian oil sales, says U.S. envoy. October 15. https://uk.reuters.com/article/uk-iran-nuclear-usa/market-can-cope-with-push-for-zero-iranian-oil-sales-says-u-s-envoy-idUKKCN1MP1IS.
Rezaian, Jason. )2019(. The State Department has been funding trolls. I’m one of their targets. June 4. https://www.washingtonpost.com/opinions/2019/06/04/state-department-has-been-funding-trolls-im-one-their-targets/.
Rosenau, James N. (1971). The Scientific Study of Foreign Policy. New York: The Free Press.
Riotta, Chris. )2019(. Trump administration providing ‘false’ information about Gulf of Oman attack, says Japanese tanker owner.
Sanderson, Daniel. 2019. UAE says four cargo vessels 'sabotaged' off Fujairah coast. May 12. https://www.thenational.ae/uae/uae-says-four-cargo-vessels-sabotaged-off-fujairah-coast-1.860279.
Schake, Kori. 2018. Trump's Syria Strategy Actually Makes Sense. April 6. https://www.theatlantic.com/international/archive/2018/04/trump-syria/558077/.
Schmitt, Eric, and Alissa J. Rubin. )2019(. Trump Calls for Keeping Troops in Iraq to Watch Iran, Possibly Upending ISIS Fight. February 3.
https://www.nytimes.com/2019/02/03/us/politics/trump-iraq-troops-syria-iran.html.
Shepp, Jonah. )2018(. Trump’s Iran Strategy: Regime Change on the Cheap. July 30. nymag.com/intelligencer/2018/07/trumps-iran-strategy-regime-change-on-the-cheap.html?gtm=bottom&gtm=top.
Slater, Alice. 2018. The US Has Military Bases in 80 Countries. All of Them Must Close. January 24. https://www.thenation.com/article/the-us-has-military-bases-in-172-countries-all-of-them-must-close/.
Smith, Jordan Michael. 2019. How Voice of America Persian Became a Trump Administration PR Machine. August 13. https://theintercept.com/2019/08/13/trump-voa-persian/.
Smolenski, Jan, and Virginia Pietromarchi. 2019. US-led Middle East conference in Warsaw: All you need to know. February 13. https://www.aljazeera.com/indepth/features/led-middle-east-summit-warsaw-190212230343271.html.
Sprout , Harold and Margaret Sprout ( 1957 ) '' Environmental Factors in Study of International Politics''. The Journal of Conflict Resolution. 1 (4): 309-328.
Stone, Richard. )2019(. New U.S. sanctions put spotlight on Iranian research institute. March 25. - https://www.sciencemag.org/news/2019/03/new-us-sanctions-put-spotlight-iranian-research-institute.
Strobel, Warren P., and Dion Nissenbaum. )2019(. U.S. Arranges Secret Talks Between Israel, U.A.E. Over Iran. August 15. https://www.wsj.com/articles/u-s-arranges-secret-talks-between-israel-u-a-e-over-iran-11565870404.
Thompson, Jack. )2018(. Trump’s Middle East Policy. Analysis, Zurich: Center for Security Studies.
Times of Israel. )2018(. Trump imposes new sanctions on Hezbollah, promises more against Iran. October 26. https://www.timesofisrael.com/trump-imposes-new-hezbollah-sanctions-promises-more-against-iran/.
Wadhams, Nick. )2018(. Pompeo Sets Up ‘Iran Action Group’ to Press Sanctions Campaign. August 17. https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2018-08-16/pompeo-sets-up-iran-action-group-to-press-sanctions-campaign.
Wadhams, Nick, and Javier Blas. )2018(. The Iran Action Group Puts Muscle Behind Trump’s Iran Bluster. October 4. https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2018-10-04/the-iran-action-group-puts-muscle-behind-trump-s-iran-bluster.
Wahid Hanna, Michael, and Thanassis Cambanis. )2019(. Trump’s Iraq Strategy Is Foolish. February 14. https://www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/iraq/2019-02-14/trumps-iraq-strategy-foolish.
Wroughton, Lesley, and Humeyra Pamuk. )2019(. U.S. to end all waivers on imports of Iranian oil, crude price jumps. April 22. https://www.reuters.com/article/us-usa-iran-oil/us-to-end-all-waivers-on-imports-of-iranian-oil-crude-price-jumps-idUSKCN1RX0R1.