Challenges of implementing private contracts in light of Iran's criminal policy and international sanctions

Document Type : Research Paper

Authors

1 PhD student in Criminal Law and Criminology, Emirates International Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran.

2 PhD student, Department of Private Law, Karaj Branch, Islamic Azad University, Karaj, Iran.

10.22124/wp.2022.15805.2428

Abstract

International sanctions, particularly financial, banking and trade sanctions, by restricting the movement of funds, access to financial services, transport, insurance and commercial transactions, have presented challenges to the enforcement of private contracts that cannot be analysed solely within the traditional framework of breach of contract. In such circumstances, the fundamental question is whether the effects of the sanctions can justify the enforcement of a contractual obligation as a force majeure or a state of impossibility of enforcement, and in which cases non-performance of an obligation will still give rise to contractual liability. On the other hand, attempts to enforce contracts affected by sanctions may lead to the use of intermediaries, complex transaction structures or non-transparent financial methods, and in some cases, blur the line between breach of contract, legitimate conduct to counter external restrictions and the commission of economic crimes. The present study, using a descriptive-analytical method and utilizing legal sources and domestic and foreign studies, examines the challenges of implementing private contracts in light of international sanctions, with an emphasis on the Iranian legal system and from the perspective of criminal policy.

Keywords

References

ابراهیمی، سید نصرالله، و اویارحسین، شادی. (۱۳۹۱). آثار تحریم بر اجرای قراردادهای بازرگانی بین‌المللی از منظر فورس ماژور. دو فصلنامه دانش حقوق مدنی، ۱(۲)
کاتوزیان، ناصر. (۱۳۸۶). قواعد عمومی قراردادها. شرکت سهامی انتشار.
د) قوانین و مقررات
قانون اساسی جمهوری اسلامی ایران.
قانون تشدید مجازات مرتکبین ارتشاء، اختلاس و کلاهبرداری، مصوب ۱۳۶۷.
قانون مبارزه با پول‌شویی، مصوب ۱۳۸۶، با اصلاحات و الحاقات بعدی.
قانون مجازات اسلامی، مصوب ۱۳۹۲، با اصلاحات و الحاقات بعدی.
قانون مدنی، مصوب ۱۳۰۷، با اصلاحات و الحاقات بعدی.
دادنامه شماره ۹۳۰۹۹۷۰۲۲۳۲۰۱۲۲۴، دادگاه تجدیدنظر استان تهران، ۱۳۹۳.
da Silveira, M. A. (2017). Economic sanctions and contractual disputes between private operators. In L. van den Herik (Ed.), Research handbook on UN sanctions and international law (pp. 330–376). Edward Elgar Publishing. (AustLII)
Shoarian, E., & Rahimi, F. (2014). Sanctions and their effects on contractual obligations: From the perspective of international instruments and Iranian law. Nordic Journal of Commercial Law, (1). https://doi.org/10.5278/ojs.njcl.v0i1.2889 (Journals AAU)
Hufbauer, G. C., Schott, J. J., Elliott, K. A., & Oegg, B. (2007). Economic sanctions reconsidered (3rd ed.). Peterson Institute for International Economics.
Farrall, J. M. (2007). United Nations sanctions and the rule of law. Cambridge University Press.
Portela, C. (2019). European Union sanctions and foreign policy: When and why do they work? Routledge.
Drezner, D. W. (2011). Sanctions paradox: Economic statecraft and international relations. Cambridge University Press.
Tzanakopoulos, A. (2011). Disobeying the Security Council: Countermeasures against wrongful sanctions. Oxford University Press.
Nephew, R. (2018). The art of sanctions: A view from the field. Columbia University Press.
Biersteker, T. J., Eckert, S. E., & Tourinho, M. (Eds.). (2016). Targeted sanctions: The impacts and effectiveness of United Nations action. Cambridge University Press.
Gordon, J. (2011). Smart sanctions revisited. Ethics & International Affairs, 25(3), 315–335.
Cameron, I. (2003). UN targeted sanctions, legal safeguards and the European Convention on Human Rights. Cambridge University Press.
Cortright, D., & Lopez, G. A. (Eds.). (2002). Smart sanctions: Targeting economic statecraft. Rowman & Littlefield.
Cortright, D., & Lopez, G. A. (2000). The sanctions decade: Assessing UN strategies in the 1990s. Lynne Rienner Publishers.
van Bergeijk, P. A. G. (1994). Economic diplomacy, trade and commercial policy: Positive and negative sanctions in a new world order. Edward Elgar Publishing.
Pape, R. A. (1997). Why economic sanctions do not work. International Security, 22(2), 90–136.
Kaempfer, W. H., & Lowenberg, A. D. (2007). The political economy of economic sanctions. In S. N. Durlauf & L. E. Blume (Eds.), The new Palgrave dictionary of economics. Palgrave Macmillan.
Allen, S. H. (2008). The domestic political consequences of economic sanctions. Journal of Conflict Resolution, 52(6), 916–944.
Peksen, D. (2009). Better or worse? The effect of economic sanctions on human rights. Journal of Peace Research, 46(1), 59–77.
Early, B. R. (2015). Busted sanctions: Explaining why economic sanctions fail. Stanford University Press.
Shoarian, E., & Rahimi, F. (2014). Sanctions and their effects on contractual obligations: From the perspective of international instruments and Iranian law. Nordic Journal of Commercial Law, (1), 1–21.

Files

Share

How to cite

Statistics