تاثیر تحریم‌های اقتصادی بر حقوق سیاسی-اقتصادی و وضعیت سلامت شهروندان کره شمالی

نوع مقاله : مقاله پژوهشی

نویسندگان

1 دانشجوی دکترای علوم سیاسی دانشگاه یاسوج

2 عضو هیات علمی دانشگاه یاسوج

چکیده

امروزه تحریم ها به یکی از ابزارهای پرکاربرد سیاست خارجی دولت ها علیه همدیگر تبدیل شده است. این درحالی است که تحریم ها همیشه نتیجه دلخواه را به همراه نیاورده است. کره شمالی ازجمله کشورهایی است که طولانی‌ترین تحریم‌های دوجانبه و چندجانبه را تجربه کرده است. پرسش اصلی پژوهش حاضر این است که تحریم‌ها چه تاثیری بر وضع حقوق بشر در کره شمالی گذاشته است؟ فرضیه پژوهش اشاره می‌کند که تحریم‌های بین‌المللی منجر به نقض حقوق بنیادین شهروندان کره شمالی شده است. برای آزمون فرضیه از نظریه پکسون و کوپر و دو روش توصیفی-تحلیلی و اسنادی استفاده شده است. نتایج پژوهش نشان داد که با شروع آزمایشات هسته‌ای کره شمالی در سال 2006 و وضع شدیدترین تحریم‌ها علیه این کشور، تحریم‌ها به دو شکل مستقیم و غیرمستقیم بر وضع حقوق بشر کره شمالی تاثیر منفی گذاشته است. در حوزه سیاسی، تحریم‌ها به جای این که موجب تغییر رفتار کره شمالی گردد، باعث خودکامگی دولت حاکم، کاهش انواع آزادی‌ها، سرکوب و خشونت شده است. در حوزه بهداشت و سلامت، تحریم‌ها کاهش سطح بهداشت عمومی، افزایش مرگ و میر نوزادان، شیوع بیماری‌ها، سوء تغذیه و دسترسی سخت به دارو و درمان را به همراه داشته است. در حوزه اقتصاد، تحریم‌ها (به شکل مستقیم) موجب کاهش ارزش پول ملی، کاهش درآمد مردم، کاهش مواد غذایی، تورم و فساد گردیده که به فقر بیشتر مردم کمک کرده است.

کلیدواژه‌ها


عنوان مقاله [English]

The impact of economic sanctions on political and economic rights and the health of North Korean citizens

نویسندگان [English]

  • sara musavi 1
  • Ali bagheri dolatabadi 2
1 PH.D Candidate in Political Science at Yasouj University
2 Member of Department of Political Science- yasouj university
چکیده [English]

Sanctions have become one of the important foreign policy tools of states against each other in recent years. While sanctions have not always achived the desired results. North Korea is among the countries that has experienced the longest bilateral and multilateral sanctions. The present study seeks to answer the question of how sanctions have affected the human rights situation in North Korea. In response to this question, the research hypothesis points out that international sanctions have violated the fundamental rights of North Korean citizens. The theoretical framework of research is based on Pekson and Cooper theory. Also, we used descriptive-analytical and documentary method. The results showed that with the start of North Korea's 2006 nuclear tests and the most severe sanctions ever imposed against it, the sanctions have had a direct and indirect impact on the human rights situation in North Korea. In the political arena, sanctions, rather than changing North Korea's behavior, have led to the authoritarian government, repression, violence and reduced freedoms. In the area of health, sanctions have led to a decline in public health levels, increased infant mortality, Spread of diseases, malnutrition, and difficult access to drugs and treatment. In the area of economy, sanctions have directly reduced the value of the national currency, people's income and food supply. It also caused inflation and corruption, which has contributed to greater poverty in north Korea.

کلیدواژه‌ها [English]

  • Sanctions
  • Human Rights
  • North Korea
  • Democracy
  • United States
آل­کجباف، حسین؛ انصاریان، مجتبی (1393)، «تأثیر تحریم‌های یک ‌جانبه و چندجانبه بر ایران از منظر حق بر سلامت شهروندان ایرانی»، فصلنامه حقوق پزشکی، سال 8، شماره 29، تابستان، صص 50-11.
باقری­دولت­آبادی، علی؛ درج، حمید (1397)، «سیاست دونالد ترامپ و مساله هسته­ای ایران»، فصلنامه سیاست جهانی، دوره 7، شماره 2، تابستان، صص 172-143.
رضائی، مسعود؛ فرح­زاده، ماریا (1396)، «معضل عدم قطعیت در تحلیل بحران کره­شمالی و آمریکا»، فصلنامه سیاست خارجی، سال 31، شماره 4، زمستان، صص 150-101.
زمانی، سیدقاسم؛ غریب‌آبادی، کاظم (1396)، «تحریم‌ها به مثابه نقض تعهدات بین‌المللی دولت‌ها در زمینه حمایت از حقوق بشر»، فصلنامه حقوق پزشکی، سال 11، شماره 40، بهار، صص 135-111.
سالاری، محمدجواد؛ مرادی، مریم (1395)، «حقوق بشر: نسبی­گرایی فرهنگی و یا جهان شمول­گرایی از دیدگاه جک دانلی»، فصلنامه مطالعات حقوق، سال 1، شماره 2، صص 150-135.
سیدفاطمی، محمدقاری (1390)، حقوق بشر در جهان معاصر، تهران: نشر شهر دانش.
مصری، علی؛ ملک، صابر؛ رستمی، حجت (1395)، «بررسی تاثیر تحریم­های اقتصادی بین‌المللی بر حقوق بشر و حقوق بشردوستانه و دموکراسی»، چهارمین کنفرانس بین­المللی اقتصاد در شرایط تحریم، بابلسر.
مظاهری­تهرانی، محمدهادی (1390)، «حقوق بشر به عنوان چالشی در روابط جمهوری اسلامی ایران و اتحادیه اروپا»، پایان­نامه کارشناسی ارشد رشته علوم سیاسی، تهران: دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی واحد تهران مرکز.
Abandone, Anete (2012), "Human rights in North Korea", European Parliament, Policy Department, 17 Sep. 2012, Available at: https://www.europarl.europa.eu/RegData/etudes /briefing_note/join /2012/491441/EXPO-DROI_SP 491441_EN.pdf
Albert, Eleanor (2019), "The China–North Korea Relationship", Council on Foreign Affairs, 25 June 2019, Available at: https://www.cfr.org/backgrounder/china-north-korea-relationship
Allen, Susan Hananeh; Lektzian, David J. (2013), "Economic Sanctions: A Blunt Instrument?", Journal of Peace Research, Vol.50, Issue.1, pp.121-135.
Amnesty International (2019a), "The Crumbling State of Health Care in North Korea", Amnesty International, Available at: https://www.amnesty.org/download/Documents/36000/asa240012010.
Amnesty International (2019b), "South Korea: TV Producer Held in North Korea for 50 Years: Hwang Won", Amnesty International, 29 January 2019, Available at: https://www.amnesty.org/en/documents/asa25/9751/2019/en/
Apergis, Nicholas; Coorayb, Arusha (2019), How Do Human Rights Violations Affect Poverty and Income Distribution? International Economics,13 November, pp.1-31.
Central Intelligence Agency (2020), "North Korean Population Composition", Central Intelligence Agency, Available at: https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/kn.html
Cha, Jiho et al (2018), "Human Rights as Political Determinants of Health: A Retrospective Study of North Korean Refugees", American Journal of Preventive Medicine, Vol.55, Issue.2, pp.271-279.
Daponte, B.O.; Garfield, R. (2000), "The effect of Economic Sanctions on the Mortality of Iraqi Children Prior to the 1991 Persian Gulf War", Am. J. Public Health, Vol.90, No.4, pp.546–552.
Davenport, Kelsey (2017), “The U.S. North Korean Agreed Framework at a Glance", Arms control Organization, 13 August 2017, available at: https://www.armscontrol.org/print/2598
Exchange Rate (2019), "North Korean Exchange Rate", Exchange Rate, Available at: https://exchangerate-euro.com/archive-currencies
Féron, Henri et al (2019), "The Human Costs and Gendered Impact of Sanctions on North Korea", korea Peace Now, Oct. 2019, Available at: https://koreapeacenow.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/10/human-costs-and-gendered-impact-of-sanctions-on-north-korea.pdf
Fisher, Max (2016), "North Korea, far from Crazy, Is All Too Rational", New York Times, 10 Sept 2016, Available at: https://www.nytimes.com/2016/09/11/world/asia/north-korea-nuclear-missile-programs-rational.html
Fretland, Øygarden (2017), "The Effect of Sanctions on Human Rights: Assessing the Impact of Economic Sanctions on Human Rights Violations in Targeted Countries", Department of Political Science Faculty of Social Sciences University of Oslo, Available at: http://urn.nb.no/URN:NBN:no-60371
FAO (2019), "DPR Korea Rapid Food Security Assessment", FAO, May 2019, Available at: http://www.fao.org/countryprofiles/index/en/?iso3=PRK
FAO (2018), "Aquaculture Production of North Korea", FAO, Available at: www.fao.org/fishery/statistics/global-aquaculture-production/en
Galtung, Johan (1967), "On the Effects of International Economic Sanctions: With Examples from the Case of Rhodesia", World Politics, Vol.19, No.3, pp.378–416.
Haass, Richard N. (1998), Economic Sanctions and American Diplomacy, New York: Council on Foreign Relations Press.
Human Rights Watch (2019), "World Report 2019: North Korea", Human Rights Watch, Available at: https://www.hrw.org/world-report/2019/country-chapters/north-korea
Index Mundi (2018), "Infanti Morality Rate", Index Mundi, Available at: https://www.indexmundi.com/g/g.aspx?c=kn&v=29
Kim, Geena (2019), "Why is Studying Hard a violation of Human Rights? Tensions and Contradictions in Korean Students’ Reasoning about Human Rights", The Journal of Social Studies Research, Vol.43, Issue.3, pp. 255-267.
Kim, Yeon Joo (2014), "Economic Sanctions and the Rhetorical Responses of Totalitarian Regimes: Examining North Korean Rhetorical Strategies, 1949–2010", Communist and Post-Communist Studies, Vol.47, Issue.2, pp.159-169.
Lee, Daejoong; Seo, Yongseok (2019), "Alternative Futures for North Korea Economy: From the North Korean Perspectives, Futures, Vol.114, No.1, pp. 1-19.
Lim B., Park; J., Han C.  (2009), "Attempts to Utilize and Integrate Traditional Medicine in North Korea", J Alt Complement Med, Vol.15, No. 3pp.217-223.
Makhijani, Arjun; Deller, Nicole; Burroughs, John (2003), Compliance Assessment of North Korean and U.S.  Obligations Under the NonProliferation   Treaty   and   1994   Agreed Framework, Institute for Energy and Environmental Research, 24 January 2003, available at: https://ieer.org › Disarmament and Nonproliferation.
McBride, Courtney (2019), "North Korea Sanctions Contribute to Deaths of Innocent Civilians, Report Says", The Wall Street Journal, 30 Oct. 2019, Available at: https://www.wsj.com/articles/north-korea-sanctions-contribute-to-deaths-of-innocent-civilians-report-says-11572414898
Nivesjö, Jon (2012), On Economic Sanctions and Democracy: The Function of Economic Sanctions as a Tool to Promote Democratic Development, Malmö University, Global Political Studies, Available at: https://muep.mau.se/bitstream/handle/2043/15931/Jon.Nivesjo.On. Economic. Sanctions.and.Democracy.BA.Thesis.pdf
Obama, Barak (2009), "Remarks on the Situation in North Korea", The American Presidency Project, 25 May 2009, Available at: http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/index.php?pid =86202&st=north+korea&st1=
Obama, Barak (2013), "Statement on the Situation in North Korea", The American Presidency Project, February 12, Available at: http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/index.php?pid =103220&st=north+korea&st1
Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) (2019), "Disbursements to Countries and Regions", OECD, Available at: https://stats.oecd.org/Index.aspx?DataSetCode=TABLE2A
Ojea Quintana, Tomás (2017), Report of the Special Rapporteur on the Situation of Human Rights in the DPRK, A/72/394, Sep. 18, 2017, para. 6; see also id., A/73/386, Sep. 19, 2018, paras. 20, 21.
Park, Kee B. (2019), "Doctor: I deliver health care in North Korea. Sanctions make the humanitarian crisis worse", USA Today, 7 Nov. 2019, Available at: https://www.usatoday.com/story/opinion/voices/2019/11/07/north-korea-sanctions-united-nations-health-care-column/2507137001/
Peksen, Dursun (2009), "Better or Worse? The Effect of Economic Sanctions on Human Rights", Journal of Peace Research, Vol. 46, No.1, pp. 59-77.
Peksen, Dursun; Cooper, Drury A. (2010), "Coercive or Corrosive: The Negative Impact of Economic Sanctions on Democracy", International Interactions, Vol.36, No.1, pp. 240-264.
Reporters Without Borders (2009), "World Report - North Korea ", Reporters Without Borders, May 2009, Available at: https://www.refworld.org/docid/4d59462b28.html
Reporters Without Borders (2017), "2017 World Press Freedom Index-Tipping Point", Reporters Without Borders, Available at: https://rsf.org/en/2017-world-press-freedom-index-tipping-point
Rezaei, Masoud, (2017)," The Crisis between US and North Korea under President Trump, Iran Review, 12 July 2017,Available at: http://www.iranreview.org/content/Documents/The-Crisis-between-USand-North-Korea-under-President-Trump.htm
Sang-Hun, Choe (2017), "China Suspends All Coal Imports from North Korea", The New York Times, 18 feb. 2017, Available at: https://www.nytimes.com/2017/02/18/world/asia/north-korea-china-coal-imports-suspended.html
Smith, Josh (2019), Malnutrition, Diseases rising in North Korea aid Organization, The Reuters, 18 July 2019, Available at: https://www.reuters.com/article/us-northkorea-aid/malnutrition-disease-rising-in-north-korea-aid-organization-idUSKCN1UD0P4
Silberstein, Benjamin Katzeff (2020), The North Korean Economy in 2019: Treading but Not Underwater in the New Year, 16 Jan 2020, Available at: https://www.38north.org/2020/01/bkatzeffsilberstein011620/
Spaniel, William; Bradley, Smith C. (2015), "Sanctions, Uncertainty, and Leader Tenure", International Studies Quarterly, Vol.59, Issue.4, pp.735-749
Suk Lee, Yong (2019), "International Isolation and Regional Inequality: Evidence from Sanctions on North Korea, Journal of Urban Economics, Vol.103, No.1, pp.34-51.
Szoldra, Paul (2017), "The Stories from inside North Korea's Prison Camps Are Horrifying", Business Insider, 24 March 2017, available at: https://www.businessinsider.com/un-north-korea-prison-camp-2017-3.
The World Bank (2018), "Refugee Population by Country or Territory of Origin", The World Bank, Available at: https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/sm.pop.refg.or
Transparency International Organization (2019), "Corruption Perception Index 2019", Available at: https://www.transparency.org/cpi2019
Trading Economic (2019), Inflation Rate in North Korea, Available at: https://tradingeconomics.com/north-korea/inflation-rate-mom
UN General Assembly (2014), " Report of the Commission of Inquiry on Human Rights in the Democratic People’s Republic of Korea"(A/HRC/25/63), UN General Assembly, 7 Feb. 2014, Available at:https://documents-ddsny.un.org/doc/UNDOC/GEN/G14/108/66/PDF/G1410866
UN General Assembly (2019), " Situation of Human Rights in the Democratic People’s Republic of Korea - Report of the Secretary-General (A/74/268)", UN General Assembly, 23 Oct. 2019, Available at: https://www.un.org/en/ga/people-s-republic-korea-4
UNHR (2019), "The Price is Rights: The Violation of the Right to an Adequate Standard of Living in the Democratic People’s Republic of Korea", United Nation Human Rights, May 2019, Available at: https://www.ohchr.org/Documents/Countries /KP/ThePriceIs Rights_ EN.
UNICEF (2018), "Annual Report for 2018", UNICEF DPR Korea Country Office, Available at: https://www.unicef.org/dprk/media/461/file/UNICEF%20DPR%20 Korea .pdf
United States Department of State (2018), "Democratic People's Republic of Korea 2018 Human Rights Report", Bureau of democracy and Human Rights, Available at: https://kr.usembassy.gov/wp-content/uploads/sites/75/HR2018-DPRK.pdf
United Nations (2020), "Red List Index", United Nations, Available at: https://unstats.un.org/sdgs/indicators/database/
OHCHR (1966a), International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, 16 December 1966, Available at: https://www.ohchr.org/en/professionalinterest/pages/ccpr.aspx
OHCHR (1966b), International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights, 16 December 1966, Available at: https://www.ohchr.org/en/professionalinterest/pages/cescr.aspx
Whang, Taehee; Elena V. McLean; Kuberski, Douglas W. (2013), "Coercion, Information, and the Success of Sanction Threats", American Journal of Political Science, Vol. 57, No.1, pp.65-81.
White, Edward (2019), "North Korean Defectors Reveal Wretched State of Female Healthcare", The Financial Times, 11 December 2019, Available at: https://www.ft.com/content/d033c254-1ba6-11ea-9186-7348c2f183af
WHO (2016), WHO Country Cooperation Strategy: Democratic People’s Republic of Korea: 2014–2019, World Health Organization: Regional Office for South-East Asia.
Wood, R.M (2008), "A hand upon the Throat of the Nation”: Economic Sanctions and State Repression, 1976–2001", International Studies, Vol.52, No. 3, pp.489–513.
Worldometers (2019), "North Korea Demographics", Available at: https://www.worldometers.info/demographics/north-korea-demographics/
Wertz, Daniel (2020), China-North Korea Trade: Parsing the Data, 25 Feb. 2020, Available at: https://www.38north.org/2020/02/dwertz022520/
Zerkina, N.; Kostina, N.; Pesina, S. (2015), "Concept «Human Rights» and its Cognitive, Discursive, Contextual and Historical Characteristics", Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences, Vol.192, No.1, pp.475-480.