نوع مقاله : مقاله پژوهشی
نویسندگان
1 استاد گروه علوم سیاسی دانشگاه تهران
2 علوم سیاسی/ دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی واحد تهران جنوب/ تهران/ ایران
چکیده
کلیدواژه‌ها
عنوان مقاله [English]
نویسندگان [English]
The role of African Union in political development in the Horn of Africa Region
عنوان کوتاه / English African Union and political development in the Horn of Africa Region
چکیده / English The African Union was formed based on the experiences of the Organization of African Unity, to change the pattern of relations between countries in Africa from enmity / rivalry to friendship / cooperation, to ensure peace and security in the region. Two decades after the founding of the African Union, the organization has a track record of success and failure. The course of activities, as well as the increase in relations between the Union and the United Nations and regional organizations, demonstrates its willingness to use the tools at its disposal to secure and establish peace on the continent and, through it, to increase political development in its countries and sub-regions. The present study seeks to answer the question of what is the role of the African Union in peace and stability in the Horn of Africa with an emphasis on political development?
The union is gradually using its tools to achieve its goals, notably the suspension of Sudan's membership until the transfer of power to civilians in its crisis reflects the union's willingness to change course and move towards political development. It seems that the African Union is pursuing the establishment of peace and political development due to the changin
کلیدواژه‌ها [English]
احمدی نوحدانی، سیروس (1386)، قوم‌شناسی سیاسی آفریقا. مرکز مطالعات آفریقا. دانشگاه تربیت مدرس. تهران: انتشارات صنم.
بخشی، احمد (1382)، بازسازی جوامع دچار جنگ و جلوگیری از منازعات مرگبار، کتاب آفریقا؛ ویژه منازعات مسلحانه. تهران: انتشارات مؤسسه فرهنگی مطالعات و تحقیقات بین‌المللی ابرار معاصر.
پیشگاه هادیان، حمید (1382)، کتاب آفریقا؛ ویژه منازعات مسلحانه. تهران: انتشارات موسسه فرهنگی مطالعات و تحقیقات بین‌المللی ابرار معاصر تهران.
پیشگاهی فرد، زهرا (1392)، «مناقشات منطقه شاخ آفریقا، ماهیت و ریشه‌ها»، مجله جغرافیا و توسعه ناحیه‌ای. صص 161-134.
تامسون الکس (1385)، مقدمه‌ای بر سیاست و حکومـت در آفریقـا. ترجمـه علـی گلیـانی و احمـد بخشی. تهران: موسسه فرهنگی مطالعات و تحقیقات بین‌المللی ابرار معاصر تهران.
جعفری ولدانی، اصغر (1387)، ژئوپلیتیک جدید دریـای سـرخ و خلیج‌فارس. چـاپ سـوم. دفتـر مطالعات سیاسی و بین‌المللی وزارت امور خارجه.
چگینیزاده، غلامعلی؛ هادی تاجیک و نبوی، سید مهدی (1392)، «تاثیر تحولات سوریه بر الگوی تعاملی ایران و ترکیه؛ الگوی مفهومی و نظری»، فصلنامه آفاق امنیت، سال ششم، شماره بیستم، پاییز 1392، صص 110-61.
حسینی، محمدجواد (1386)، «دلایل شکسـت دادگاه‌های اسـلامی شـریعت سـومالی»، فصلنامه مطالعات آفریقا. صص 309-301.
حسینی، محمدجواد (1387)، «بررسی بحران سومالی». فصلنامه مطالعات آفریقا. صص 233-181.
خطیبی، عذرا (1376)، شاخ آفریقا در آیینه زمان. تهران: انتشارات بنیاد بعثت.
عبدالله خانی، علی (1389)، نظریه‌های امنیت، تهران: ابرار معاصر.
کورنون، ماریان (1365)، تاریخ معاصر آفریقا؛ از جنگ جهانی دوم تا امروز. ترجمه ابراهیم صدقیانی. تهران: انتشارات امیرکبیر.
مبارک، عبدالقادر (1386)، مخاصمات مسلحانه در آفریقا؛ نقـش سـازمان ملـل متحـد در پیشـگیری، خاتمه و صلح سازی. پایان‌نامه دکتری حقوق بین‌الملل. دانشکده حقوق دانشگاه تهران.
مصفا، نسرین و زرگری، هادی (1293)، «اسناد بین‌المللی حقوق بشری: پذیرش و عدم اجرا در آفریقا». مجله سیاست جهانی. دوره 3، شماره 2. صص 127-101.
مصفا، نسرین و مختارزاده، سعیده (1395)، «بررسی حمایت حقوقی از زنان قربانی آثار تغییرات اقلیم؛ با مطالعه اسناد منطقه‌ای آفریقا»، فصلنامه حقوق بشر. دوره یازدهم. شماره 1، صص 44-21.
منصوری، جواد (1385)، استعمار فرانو؛ نظام سلطه در قرن بیست و یکم. تهران: انتشارات امیرکبیر.
هلد دیوید (1384)، مدلهای دموکراسی. ترجمه عباس مخبر. تهران: انتشارات روشنگران و مطالعات زنان.
César Fernandes Cardoso, Nilton. (2016), Regional security in the Horn of Africa: conflicts, agendas and threats. Brazilian Journal of African Studies v.1, n.2. P.131-165.
Desmidt, Sophie, Volker Hauck. (2017), Conflict management under the African Peace and Security Architecture (APSA). (Discussion Paper 211). Maastricht: ECDPM.
Joshua, Segun, Faith Olanrewaju. (2017), The AU 's Progress and Achievements in the Realm of Peace and Security. Indian Council of World Affairs Vol. 73, No. 4.
G.R Olsen, (1991), Cooperation and Conflict. Nordic Journal of International Studies, Vol 36, No 1, P. 21.
Siphamandla Zondi, (2017), African Union approaches to peacebuilding: Efforts at shifting the continent towards decolonial peace. African Journal on Conflict Resolution. Vol. 17 No. 1.
White House. (2018),. Remarks by National Security Advisor Ambassador John R. Bolton on the Trump Administration 's New Africa Strategy. 2018 Des . 2018.
United States Africa Command. (2019), Statement of General Thomas D. Waldhauser, United States Marine Corps Commander United States Africa Command Before the Senate Committee on Armed Services.
Abbink, Jon. (2020), Religion and Violence in the Horn of Africa: Trajectories of Mimetic Rivalry and Escalation between 'Political Islam' and the State. Politics, Religion & Ideology. 21:2, 194-215.
African Charter on Democracy, Elections and Governance 2007. Addis Ababa.
African Union (AU) (2000), Constitutive Act of the African Union adopted by the Thirty-Sixth Ordinary Session of the Assembly of Heads of State and Governmen Lomé, Togo.
African Union (AU) (2006), Policy on Post-Conflict Reconstruction and Development. adopted at the 9th Ordinary Session of the Executive Council, Banjul, The Gambia. Available at: http://www.peaceau.org/uploads/pcrd-policy-framwowork-eng.pdf
African Union (AU). (2004), Solemn Declaration on Common African Defence and Security Policy. adopted by the 2nd Extraordinary Session of the Assembly of the African Union, Sirte. Available at: http://www.peaceau.org/uploads/declaration-cadsp-en.pdf
African Union Declaration on the Principles Governing Democratic Elections in Africa 2002. A. AHG/ Decl., (XXXVIII)1.
African Union (2005). Report of the Chairperson of the African Union Commission on conflict situations in Africa. Executive Council, Seventh Ordinary Session. Sirte, Libya. EX.CL/191 (VII).
All Africa (2010), New Policy to Tackle Disaster Risk in Ethiopia. All Africa. Available at: http://allafrica.com/view/group/main/main/id/00011809.html
Anderson, D. & J. McKnight. (2015). Kenya at war: Al-Shabaab and its enemies in Eastern Africa. African Affairs, 114 (454): 1–27. Available at: https://academic.oup.com/afraf/articlelookup/doi/10.1093/afraf/adu082
China. (2018), D. Axe,s naval furure: 6 aircraft carriers? National Interest. Available at: https://nationalinterest.org/blog/buzz/chinas-naval-future-6-aircraft-carriers-38087
Ayoob, Mohammed. (1995), the Third World Security Predicament: State Making Regional Conflict and the International System; Boulder: Lynne Rienner.
Beichelt, T. (2012), The research field of democracy promotion. Living Reviews in Democracy. Available at: https://www.lrd.ethz.ch/index.php/lrd/article/view/27/40
Börzel, T. A. and Risse, T. (2012), From Europeanisation to diffusion: Introduction. West European Politics. 35/1. pp. 1–19
Burke, J. (2017), Al-Shabaab militants ban starving Somalis from accessing aid. The Guardian. Available at: https://www.theguardian.com/world/2017/jul/27/al-shabaab-militants-ban-starving-somalisfrom-accessing-aid
Buzan, Barry. (1991), People, States and Fear: An Agenda for International Security Studies in the Post-Cold War Era. London: Harvester Wheatsheaf.
Buzan, Barry; WÆver, Ole; and Wilder, Jaap. (1998), Security: A new framework for analysis. Boulder: Lynne Rienner.
Cafiero, Giorgio. (2019), Sudan’s Suspension From The African Union. available at: https://lobelog.com/sudans-suspension-from-the-african-union/
Commission of the African Union, African Youth Charte. (2006a), Available at: http://www.africa-youth.org/charter
Commission of the African Union, Policy on Post-Conflict Reconstruction and Developmet (2006b), Available at: http://www.peaceau.org/uploads/pcrd-policy-framwowork-eng.pdf
Cooper, Z. (2018), Security implications of China’s military presence in the Indian Ocean. CSIS Briefs. Available at: https://www.csis.org/analysis/security-implications-chinas-military-presence-indian-ocean
Hamid, Ebrahim. (2019). AU lifts Sudan suspension after Khartoum announces cabinet. available at: https://www.rfi.fr/en/africa/20190907-sudan-african-union-lifts-suspension-khartoum-new-cabinet-bashir
Simon, Horner Somalia: (1997), Can the Jigsam be pieced Together. Commission of the European Communities in Brussele. No 46. PP, 162.
Kanyinga, Karuti and Long, James D. (2012), The Political Economy of Reforms in Kenya: The Post-2007 Election Violence and a New Constitution. African Studies Review. 55/1. pp. 31–51.
Laibuta, Mugambi. (2014), The African Union and Kenya’s. International Institute for Democracy and Electoral Assistance. SWEDEN.
Lawson, F. H. (2017), GCC policies toward the Red Sea, the Horn of Africa and Yemen: Ally–Adversary dilemmas. Gulf Affairs. p. 6–7.
Mengisteab, K. (2014), The Horn of Africa. Cambridge, UK: Polity Press.
Olsen, G.R. (1991), Cooperation and Conflict. Nordic Journal of International Studies, Vol 36, No 1, P.21.
Organisation of African Unity (OAU) (1990), Declaration on the Political and Socio-Economic Situation in Africa and the Changes Taking Place in the World. Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.
Organisation of African Unity (OAU) (2000), Lomé Declaration of July 2000 on the Framework for an OAU Response to Unconstitutional Changes of Government. AHG/Decl. 5 XXXVI, 10-12 July 2000. Available at: http://www2.ohchr.org/english/law/compilation_democracy/lomedec.htm
Organisation of African Unity (OAU). (1999), Algiers Declaration, Thirty-Fifth Ordinary Session of OAU. AHG/Decl. 1 (XXXV). Available at: http://www.au 2002.gov.za/docs/summit_council/algiers.pdf
Organisation of African Unity (OAU). (1995), Relaunching Africa’s Economic and Social Development: The Cairo Agenda for Action’, AHG/Res. 236 (Xxxi), adopted by the Council of Ministers of the OAT at its 17th extraordinary session, Cairo, 25–28 March 1995
Osborn, K. (2018), Aircraft carriers, stealth fighters and lots of missiles: China’s military has arrived. National Interest. available at: https://nationalinterest.org/blog/buzz/aircraft-carriers-stealth-fighters-and-lots-missiles-chinas-military-has-arrived-29892
Park, J. and Ahmad, A. (2018), Risky business: South Korea’s secret military deal with UAE. The Diplomat. available at: https://thediplomat.com/2018/03/risky-business-south-koreas-secret-military-deal-with-uae/
Pilling, D. (2018), Everyone wants a piece of the Horn of Africa’s ports. OZY. available at: https://www.ozy.com/around-the-world/everyone-wants-a-piece-of-the-horn-of-africas-ports/90536/
Protocol Relating to the Establishment of the Peace and Security Council of the African Union 2002 b, adopted by the 1st Ordinary Session of the Assembly of the African Union, Durban.
Rupiya, Martin. (2008), interrelated Security Challenges of Kenya and Uganda in Eastern and Horn of Africa. available at: https://interafrica-group.org/wp-content/uploads/pdf/peace-and-securityfinal.pdf
Schimmelfennig, F. (2009), Europeanization beyond Europe. Living Reviews in European Governance. 4/3. pp. 1–22.
Tesfatsion Medhanie. (1995), Eritrea & Neighbours in The "New World Order": Geopolitics, Democracy And "Islamic Fundamentalism". Münster: Lit Verlag.
UNDP and AU. (2019), Conflict Prevention and Early Warning Division workshop, Addis Ababa.
UNDP and UNECA. (2013), Elections and the Management of Diversity, African Governance Report III. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
US Department of Defense. (2018). Assessment on US defense implication of China 's expanding global.
USAID. (2014), Climate Change and Conflict: Findings and Lessons Learned From Five Case Studies in Seven Countries, ARD Tech Tetra. Washington.
Van den Berg, W. and Meester, J. (2018), Ports & power: The securitisation of port politics, Maritime Insecurity Dilemmas amidst a New Scramble for the Horn? Life & Peace Institute, Horn of Africa Bulletin, vol. 30. no. 2. pp. 13–19.
Walsh, Declan. (2019), The Fall of Omar Hassan al-Bashir, the ‘Spider’ at the Heart of Sudan’s Web. available at: https://www.nytimes.com/2019/04/11/world/africa/omar-bashir-sudan.html
Wasara, Samson. (2002), Conflict and State Security in the Horn of Africa: Militarization of Civilian Groups. African Journal of Political Science, vol.7 no.2.
)