ناآرامی‌های عربی: ریشه‌های اجتماعی در بستر تاریخی

نوع مقاله : مقاله پژوهشی

نویسندگان

1 دانشجوی دکتری روابط بین الملل دانشگاه گیلان

2 استاد گروه علوم سیاسی دانشگاه گیلان

چکیده

بروز و گسترش قیام‌های فراگیر در اواخر 2010 در کشورهای عربی خاورمیانه که از آن با عنوان ناآرامی‌های عربی یاد می‌شود یکی از مراحل حساس تاریخی منطقه به حساب می‌آید. با تمرکز بر روی شعارهای معترضین در طول ناآرامی‌های مورد بحث مشخص خواهد شد که عمده نارضایتی جوامع عربی ریشه در نابسامانی‌های سیاسی-اقتصادی این کشورها دارد. بررسی تاریخ خاورمیانه بیانگر آن است که وضعیت سیاسی-اجتماعی جوامع عرب در طول تقریباً یک سده اخیر برآیندی از اتصال محیط‌های داخل و خارج است؛ این ارتباط به گونه‌ای درهم تنیده می‌باشد که امکان جدایی آنها قابل تصور نیست. به عبارت دیگر، شرایط درونی این دولت‌ها از یک سو ناشی از کاستی‌های داخل و از سویی دیگر متأثر از محیط بین‌الملل می‌باشد بر این اساس، برای فهم کامل چرایی بروز قیام‌های عربی ضروری است ساختار سیاسی، اجتماعی و اقتصادی دولت‌های عربی به عنوان یک کلیت در بطن روابط بین‌الملل مورد واکاوی قرار گیرد. در این راستا، با توجه به اشتراکات سیاسی، فرهنگی، هویتی و اقتصادی جوامع عربی و سرشت چندگانه ناآرامی‌های مورد بحث (سیاسی، اجتماعی، اقتصادی) مقاله حاضر از منظر جامعه‌شناسی تاریخی روابط بین‌الملل به بررسی موضوع پرداخته است.

کلیدواژه‌ها


عنوان مقاله [English]

Arab Uprisings: Social Roots in the Historical Context

نویسندگان [English]

  • Mehdi Zibaei 1
  • Reza Simbar 2
چکیده [English]

Commencing and spreading comprehensive revolts in late 2010 in the Arab Middle East which is calling Arab uprisings, undoubtedly, is one of the important milestones in the region history. These uprisings emanate from the accumulated political, social and economic discontents in the Arab countries that experienced unrests. In other words, theses riots came from disarray that in last decades had involved the Arab countries. Meanwhile, the interesting point is the same backlash to the mentioned disorders in both monarchies and republics or oil and non-oil Arab countries. In addition, the diverse result of the uprising in the both regimes is another interesting point for experts. This study attempts to reply why the reaction of Arab societies in the face of different regimes was similar and focusing on the roots of occurrence revolts. In this paper, as for the multiplicity facets of these uprisings, would be applied Historical Sociology of International Relations (HSIR) as the theoretical framework.

کلیدواژه‌ها [English]

  • Arab uprisings
  • State
  • Economics
  • Society and International
Adams, A and Rebecca Winthrop. 2011. The Role of Education in the Arab World Revolutions, at The Brookings Institution: https://www.brookings.edu/opinions/the-role-of-education-in-the-arab-world-revolutions/ (accessed December 5, 2016).
Ayoob, M. 2011. The Middle East’s Turko-Persian future, at Foreign Policy: http://foreignpolicy.com/2011/01/11/the-middle-easts-turko-persian-future/ (accessed December 5, 2016).
Azarva, J and Samuel Tadros. 2007. The Problem of the Egyptian Muslim Brotherhood, at American Enterprise Institute: https://www.aei.org/wp-content/uploads/2011/10/20071130_22490MEOno4g.pdf (accessed December 5, 2016).
Beschel Jr., R and Tarik M. Yousef. 2016. Public Sector Reform, in Ishac Diwan and Ahmed Galal (eds.), The Middle East Economies in Times of Transition, New York, Palgrave Macmillan.
Cingranelli, D and David L.Richards and Chad Clay. 2014. The CIRI Human Rights Dataset, at http: //www
.humanrightsdata .com, version 2014.04.14.
Cammett, M and Ishac Diwan. 2016. The Roll-back of the state and the rise of crony capitalism, in Ahmed Galal and shac Diwan (eds.) The Middle East Economies in Times of Transition, New York, Palgrave Macmillan.
Cammett, M and Ishac Diwan and Alan Richards and John Waterbury. 2015. A Political Economy of the Middle East, Colorado, Westview Press.
Chauffour, J. 2013. From Political to Economic. Awakening in the Arab World: The Path of Economic Integration, Washington D.C, The World Bank.
Diwan, I. 2013. Understanding Revolution in the Middle East: The Central Role of the Middle Class, Middle East Development Journal, Volume 5, Issue 1, Pages 1-30.
Farsoun, S. 1997. Class Structure and Social Change in the Arab World, in Nicholas S. Hopkins and Saad Eddin Ibrahim (eds.), Arab Society: Class, Gender, Power, and Development, Cairo, The American University in Cairo Press.
Friedman, E. and Kathryn Hochstetler and Ann Clark. 2005. Sovereignty, Democracy, and Global Civil Society: State-Society Relations at UN World Conferences, New York, University of New York Press.
Gelvin, J. 2015. The Arab Uprisings: What Everyone Needs to Know, Oxford University Press, New York.
Gelvin, J. 2011. The Modern Middle East: A History, Oxford University Press, New York.
Halliday, F. 2005. The Middle East in International Relations: Power, Politics and Ideology, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.
Hamzawy, A. and Nathan Brown. 2010. The Egyptian Muslim Brotherhood: Islamist Participation in a Closing Political Environment, at Carnegie Middle East Center: http://www.voltairenet.org/IMG/pdf/Egyptian_Muslim_Brotherhood.pdf (accessed December 5, 2016).
Hinnebusch, R. 2012. Globalization, the Highest Stage of Imperialism: Core- Periphery Dynamics in the Middle East, in Stephan Stetter (eds.), The Middle East and Globalization: Encounters and Horizons, Palgrave Macmillan, New York.
Hinnebusch, R. 2003. The international politics of the Middle East, Manchester: Manchester University Press.
Hobson, J. and George Lawson and Justin Rosenberg. 2010. Historical sociology, in Robert A. Denemark, (ed.) The international studies Encyclopedia, Oxford: Wiley-Blackwell.
Katzman, K. 2016. Bahrain: Reform, Security, and U.S. Policy, at Congressional Research Service: https://fas.org/sgp/crs/mideast/95-1013.pdf (accessed December 4, 2016).
Kaufmann, D and Aart Kraay and Massimo Mastruzzi. 2010. The Worldwide Governance Indicators:Methodology and Analytical Issues, Washington, DC, World Bank, Policy Research Working Paper 5430.
Kitchen, N. 2012. After the Arab Spring: power shift in the Middle East?: the contradictions of hegemony: the United States and the Arab Spring, , in Nicholas Kitchen, (ed.) SR011. LSE IDEAS reports, London, School of Economics and Political Science.
King, S. 2009. The New Authoritarianism in the Middle East and North Africa, Bloomington and Indianapolis, Indiana University Press.
Langohr, V. 2014. Changes in youth activism for gender equality, and in the media, in the “Arab Spring”, at The Project on Middle East Political Science (POMEPS) Studies 10, Pages 16-18: http://pomeps.org/wp-content/uploads/2014/11/POMEPS_Studies_10_Reflections_web1.pdf (accessed December 5, 2016).
Lawson, G. 2015. Revolutions and the international, Theory and Society: Renewal and Critique in Social Theory, Volume 44, Issue 4, Pages 299–319.
Osman Salih, K. 2013. The Roots and Causes othe 2011 Arab Uprisings, Arab Studies Quarterly, Volume 35, Issue 2, Pages 184-206.
PEW Global Attitudes Project. 2010. Little Enthusiasm for Many Muslim Leaders: Mixed Views of Hamas and Hizballah in Largely Muslim Nations. Washington: PEW.
Ritter, D. 2015. The Iron Cage of Liberalism, Oxford, Oxford University Press.
Shehata, D. 2014. The Arab Uprisings and the Prospects for Building Shared Societies, Development, Volume 57, Issue 1, Pages 84-95.
Transparency International, Corruption Perceptions Index (CPI) data, at http: //www
            .transparency .org /research /CPI /overview (various years).
Yom, S and Gregory III Gause. 2012. Resilient Royals: How Arab Monarchies Hang On, Journal of Democracy, Volume 23, Issue 4, Pages.74-88.
9 Bedford Row, 2015, The Egyptian Experience of the Muslim Brotherhood in Power 2012-2013, at http://9bri.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/06/Report-II.9BRi.Muslim-Brotherhood-in-Power.pdf (accessed December 5, 2016).