تحلیل نقش تحریم های ثانویه در رویکرد اتحادیه اروپا به برجام

نوع مقاله : مقاله پژوهشی

نویسندگان

1 دانشکده علوم اداری و اقتصاد، دانشگاه اصفهان، اصفهان، ایران

2 دانشکده علوم اجتماعی و تربیتی، دانشگاه رازی، کرمانشاه، ایران.

3 دانشکده حقوق و علوم سیاسی، دانشگاه مازندران، بابلسر، ایران

چکیده

تحریم‌ها همواره به‌عنوان یکی از روش‌های مدیریت بحران توسط بازیگران مهم بین‌المللی ازجمله آمریکا بکار گرفته شده است، به‌ویژه تحریم‌های ثانویه که به‌عنوان نوعی از تحریم‌های فرا سرزمینی بر بازیگر ثالث اثر می‌گذارد و همچون تحریم‌های اولیه رسمیت ندارد. از سال 2012 تحریم‌های ثانویه علیه ایران از سوی آمریکا شدت گرفت تا برنامه هسته‌ای ایران متوقف شود و تا شکل‌گیری برجام ادامه داشت. پس از توافق برجام اکثر تحریم‌های ثانویه به حالت تعلیق درآمد و بسیاری از شرکت‌های خارجی وارد ایران شدند اما با روی کار آمدن ترامپ و خروج یکجانبه از برجام در سال 2018 نه‌تنها شاهد بازگشت تحریم‌های ثانویه قبل از برجام هستیم بلکه با تشدید آن نیز مواجهیم. اتحادیه اروپا علی‌رغم مخالفت با رویکرد ایالات‌متحده، پس از خروج آمریکا از برجام شرکت‌های خود را از ایران فراخواند. سؤالی که در پژوهش حاضر مطرح‌شده این است که: تحریم‌های ثانویه ایالات‌متحده چه نقشی در رویکرد اتحادیه اروپا به برجام داشته است؟ در پاسخ به این سؤال در چارچوب تحریم‌های ثانویه و با روش توصیفی- تحلیلی، این فرضیه به سنجش گذاشته شد که: ایالات‌متحده از طریق اعمال تحریم‌های ثانویه علیه شرکت‌ها، بانک‌ها و به‌طورکلی بخش خصوصی اروپا، مانع از رویکرد مستقل اتحادیه اروپا در مقابل برجام شده است. نتایج به‌دست‌آمده نشان می‌دهد که به دلیل ساختار تحریم‌های ثانویه، اتحادیه اروپا نمی‌تواند در مسائل مهم بین‌المللی ازجمله برجام، مستقل از ایالات‌متحده عمل کند و اگر رفتاری مغایر با سیاست‌های کلی آمریکا در قبال ایران در پیش گیرد ایالات‌متحده از طریق تحریم‌های ثانویه، بخش خصوصی اتحادیه اروپا را تحت‌فشار قرار خواهد داد.

کلیدواژه‌ها

عنوان مقاله [English]

An Investigation into Role of Secondary Sanctions in the European Union’s Approach to JCPOA (2015-2021)

نویسندگان [English]

  • fereshteh bahramipoor 1
  • azadeh olfati 2
  • Najva Hazeri 3
1 Faculty of Administrative Sciences and Economics, Isfahan University, Isfahan, Iran
2 Faculty of Social and Educational Sciences, Razi University, Kermanshah, Iran.
3 Faculty of Law and Political Sciences, Mazandaran University, Babolsar, Iran
چکیده [English]

Important international players, including the US, have always used sanctions as one of their crisis management tools, particularly secondary sanctions that target third parties and are extraterritorial in nature rather than being official like primary sanctions. The US had increased secondary sanctions against Iran since 2012 to halt Iran's nuclear program. These sanctions persisted until the JCPOA when most secondary sanctions were lifted and many foreign companies resumed their businesses in Iran. However, after Trump was elected president and unilaterally withdrew from the JCPOA in 2018, the secondary sanctions were re-imposed in an intensified manner. Despite its opposition to the US approach, the European Union (EU) has recalled its companies from Iran following the US withdrawal from the JCPOA. Therefore, the main question of this study is as follows: How did the US secondary sanctions against Iran affect the EU’s approach to the JCPOA? The hypothesis was evaluated through a descriptive-analytical method in response to this question within the framework of secondary sanctions. Accordingly, the US hinders the EU’s independent approach by imposing secondary sanctions against European companies, banks, and private sector in general. The results indicate that the EU cannot act independently of the US to resolve major international issues (e.g., the JCPOA) due to the structure of secondary sanctions. In fact, if the EU contradicts the general policies of the US toward Iran, the US will impose different sanctions on European entities. It will also place the EU’s private sector under pressure.

کلیدواژه‌ها [English]

  • European Union
  • United States
  • Iran
  • JCPOA
  • secondary sanctions

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